Effect of Static Stretching of the Biceps Brachii on Torque, Electromyography, and Mechanomyography During Concentric Isokinetic Muscle Actions

Evetovich, Tammy K.; Nauman, Natalie J.; Conley, Donovan S.; Todd, Jay B.

doi:10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017<0484:eossot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 95 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…1a) as a result of the static stretching. These findings were consistent with previous studies (Avela et al 1999;Behm et al 2001;Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003;Fowles et al 2000;Kokkonen et al 1998;Sands 2001, 2003;Nelson et al 2001a, b;Young and Elliott 2001) that have reported decreases in the force producing capabilities of a muscle following a bout of static stretching. Nelson et al (2001b), however, reported stretching-induced decreases in isokinetic PT of the leg extensors at 60°AEs À1 and 90°AEs À1 (7.2% and 4.5% decreases, respectively), but no changes at 150°AEs À1 , 210°AEs À1 , or 270°AEs À1 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…It was concluded that the decreases in PT after stretching were velocity-specific and occurred primarily under the high torque production conditions associated with the slower velocities (60°AEs À1 and 90°AEs À1 ), but not the lower torque production conditions at the faster velocities (150°AEs À1 , 210°AEs À1 , and 270°AEs À1 ) (Nelson et al 2001b). The present findings, as well as those of previous studies (Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003), however, indicated decreases in PT at both slow (30°AEs À1 and 60°AEs À1 ) and fast (240°AEs À1 and 270°AEs À1 ) velocities (for the stretched limb) and suggested that the stretching-induced decreases in PT may not be as velocity-specific (for the stretched limb) as suggested by Nelson et al (2001b). According to Fowles et al (2000), however, the magnitude of the inhibitory effect of stretching may be influenced by the magnitude of the stretch.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Based upon previous studies (Avela et al 1999;Behm et al 2001;Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003;Fowles et al 2000;Nelson et al 2001b), we hypothesized that PT, MP, and EMG amplitude will decrease, while the joint angle at PT and MMG amplitude will increase in response to the static stretching.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Recent evidence has suggested that pre-exercise stretching may compromise a muscle's ability to produce maximal force (Avela et al 1999;Behm et al 2001;Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003;Fowles et al 2000;Kokkonen et al 1998;McNeal and Sands 2003;Nelson et al 2001b;Young and Elliott 2001). Two primary hypotheses have been developed to explain the stretch-induced strength deficit (Avela et al 1999;Behm et al 2001;Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003;Fowles et al 2000;Knudson et al 2001;Kokkonen et al 1998;McNeal and Sands 2003;Nelson et al 2001b;Young and Elliott 2001): (1) mechanical factors such as changes in muscle stiffness and (2) neuromuscular factors such as altered motor control strategies and/or reflex sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have examined the effects of stretching on maximal strength (Behm et al 2001;Fowles et al 2000;Kokkonen et al 1998;Nelson et al 2001a, b;Nelson and Kokkonen 2001), explosive force production (Young and Elliott 2001), vertical jump performance (Knudson et al 2001;McNeal and Sands 2003;Young and Elliott 2001), concentric isokinetic peak torque (Cramer et al 2004;Evetovich et al 2003;Nelson et al 2001b), and isometric force production at different joint angles (Behm et al 2001;Fowles et al 2000;Nelson et al 2001a). Only one previous study has estimated the relative contributions of the mechanical and electrical mechanisms underlying the strength deficit after stretching (Fowles et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography

et al. 2004

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The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque (PT), the joint angle at PT, mean power output (MP), electromyographic (EMG) amplitude, and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles during maximal, voluntary concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1) of the stretched and unstretched limbs. Twenty-one volunteers [mean age (SD) 21.5 (1.3) years] performed maximal, voluntary concentric isokinetic leg extensions for the dominant and non-dominant limbs at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1). Surface EMG (muVrms) and MMG (mVrms) signals were recorded from the VL and RF muscles during the isokinetic tests. PT (Nm), the joint angle at PT, and MP (W) were calculated by a dynamometer. Following the initial isokinetic tests, the dominant leg extensors were stretched using four static stretching exercises. After the stretching, the isokinetic tests were repeated. PT decreased (P< or =0.05) from pre- to post-stretching for the stretched limb at 60 and 240 degrees x s(-1) and for the unstretched limb at 60 degrees x s(-1). EMG amplitude of the VL and RF also decreased (P< or =0.05) from pre- to post-stretching for the stretched and unstretched limbs. There were no stretching-induced changes (P>0.05) for the joint angle at PT, MP, or MMG amplitude. These findings indicated stretching-induced decreases in force production and muscle activation. The decreases in PT and EMG amplitude for the unstretched limb suggested that the stretching-induced decreases may be due to a central nervous system inhibitory mechanism.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography

et al. 2004

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Time course of stretch-induced isometric strength deficits

Knudson

Noffal

2005

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Stretching in the warm-up has been shown to decrease several muscular performance variables, but the dose-response of this effect is unknown. This study documented the change in isometric grip strength over ten trials in a convenience sample of young adults randomly assigned to control (n=22) or repeated bouts of 10-s static stretches of the wrist flexors (n=35). There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the change in mean normalized grip strength between the control and stretching groups that was not significantly different across gender. Grip strengths in the control group were consistent with a linear trend, while the grip strengths in the stretching group declined in a logarithmic fashion to 88.8% with 100 s of stretching. Statistically significant (P<0.05) differences in normalized grip strength between the two groups appeared after 40 s of stretching. Meaningful decreases in isometric grip strength following static stretching are likely to appear in young adults following 20-40 s of static stretching.

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Acute effects of passive stretching on the electromechanical delay and evoked twitch properties

et al. 2009

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of passive stretching on the electromechanical delay (EMD), peak twitch force (PTF), rate of force development (RFD), and compound muscle action potential (M-wave) amplitude during evoked twitches of the plantar flexor muscles. 16 men (mean age +/- SD = 21.1 +/- 1.7 years; body mass = 75.9 +/- 11.4 kg; height = 176.5 +/- 8.6 cm) participated in this study. A single, square-wave, supramaximal transcutaneous electrical stimulus was delivered to the tibial nerve before and after passive stretching. The stretching protocol consisted of nine repetitions of passive assisted stretching designed to stretch the calf muscles. Each repetition was held for 135 s separated by 5-10 s of rest. Dependent-samples t tests (pre- vs. post-stretching) were used to analyze the EMD, PTF, RFD, and M-wave amplitude data. There were significant changes (P < or = 0.05) from pre- to post-stretching for EMD (mean +/- SE = 4.84 +/- 0.31 and 6.22 +/- 0.34 ms), PTF (17.2 +/- 1.3 and 15.6 +/- 1.5), and RFD (320.5 +/- 24.5 and 279.8 +/- 28.2), however, the M-wave amplitude did not change (P > 0.05). These findings suggested that passively stretching the calf muscles affected the mechanical aspects of force production from the onset of the electrically evoked twitch to the peak twitch force. These results may help to explain the mechanisms underlying the stretching-induced force deficit that have been reported as either "mechanical" or "electrical" in origin.

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Effect of Static Stretching of the Biceps Brachii on Torque, Electromyography, and Mechanomyography During Concentric Isokinetic Muscle Actions

Cited by 95 publications

References 11 publications

The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography

The acute effects of static stretching on peak torque, mean power output, electromyography, and mechanomyography

Time course of stretch-induced isometric strength deficits

Acute effects of passive stretching on the electromechanical delay and evoked twitch properties

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