Neuroanatomy has been deemed crucial for clinical neurosciences. It has been one of the most challenging parts of the anatomical curriculum and is one of the causes of "neurophobia", whose main implication is a negative influence on the choice of neurology in the near future. In the last decades, several educational strategies have been identified to improve the skills of students and to promote a deep learning. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to identify the most effective method/s to teach human neuroanatomy. The search was restricted to publications written in English language and to articles describing teaching tools in undergraduate medical courses from January 2006 through December 2017. The primary outcome was the observation of improvement of anatomical knowledge in undergraduate medical students. Secondary outcomes were the amelioration of long-term retention knowledge and the grade of satisfaction of students. Among 18 selected studies, 44.4% have used threedimensional (3D) teaching tools, 16.6% near peer teaching tool, 5.55% flipped classroom tool, 5.55% applied neuroanatomy elective course, 5.55% equivalence based instruction-rote learning, 5.55% mobile augmented reality, 5.55 % inquiry-based clinical case, 5.55% cadaver dissection, and 5.55% Twitter. The high in-between study heterogeneity was the main issue to identify the most helpful teaching tool to improve neuroanatomical knowledge among medical students. Data from this study suggest that a combination of multiple pedagogical resources seems to be the more advantageous for teaching neuroanatomy. . She teaches anatomy, neuroanatomy and microscopic anatomy to physiotherapy and medical students. Her research interest is focused on central nervous system disorders and medical education. VITTORIO MAZZARELLO, M.D., is an associate professor of anatomy in Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. He teaches anatomy to biological sciences and medical students. His research interest includes skin diseases, paleoanthropology and medical education. PASQUALE BANDIERA, M.D., is an associate professor of anatomy in Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. He teaches anatomy to medical and health care professions students. His research interest is in anthropology, paleoanthropology and medical education.ROBERTO MADEDDU, M.D., Ph.D., is an assistant professor . He teaches histology to medical and health care professions students. His research is focused on medical education, cancer stem cells and heavy metals.
27ANDREA MONTELLA, M.D., is a full professor