Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Bolasina, Sergio Néstor; Tagawa, Masatomo; Yamashita, Yoh; Tanaka, Masaru

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.05.021

Cited by 136 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Moreover, competition for food due to crowded environment also plays its role to suppress growth. Crowding stress also resulted in high mortality in these species due to compromised feed consumption as reported in previous studies (Ellis et al, 2002;Bolasina et al, 2006;Lupatsch et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Stress induced high levels of cortisol might remarkably reduce growth by altering activity of metabolic enzymes such as hepatic aminotransferase in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (Davis, Torrance, Parker, & Suttle, 1985), lipase and trypsin in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (Bolasina, Tagawa, Yamashita, & Tanaka, 2006). Increase in levels of cortisol due to crowding stress has also been described for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Mazur & Iwama, 1993), Ayu (Plecoglossus altiveli) (Iguchi et al, 2003) and Jundia (Rhamdia quelen) (Barcellos et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Fatima¹,

Izhar²,

Usman³

et al. 2018

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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High stocking density is a major problem in extensive aquaculture in Pakistan. Present study investigated its effect of growth, levels of thyroxine (T4) and cortisol in two major carps of Pakistan; labeo (Labeo rohita) and catla (Catla catla). One cohort of labeo (n=30) was kept at high stocking density (HD) (25 g/L). HD cohort was split into two replicates, each containing a total of 15 fish. Second cohort of labeo (n=10) was reared at low stocking density (LD) of 4.4 g/L. LD cohort was divided into two replicates, each containing a total of five fish. Similar protocol was followed for catla. Trial continued for the period of 30 days. At the end of trial, condition factor significantly decreased in HD cohorts of both species. Levels of cortisol in HD cohorts (210±2.00 nmol/L in Catla catla; 425±3.00 nmol/L in Labeo rohita) were significantly higher than those in LD cohorts of both species. Values of T4 in HD cohorts were found to be 1.48±0.20 pmol/L in Catla catla and 1.74±0.10 pmol/L in Labeo rohita at the end of trial which were significantly lower than at the commencement of trial. Suppression of growth, elevation in the levels of cortisol and decrease in profile of T4 in HD cohorts of both species was due to stress induced by high stocking density. Furthermore, present study found that optimum stocking density for extensive farming of both species should be approximately 4.4 g/L.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Untitled

Fatima¹,

Izhar²,

Usman³

et al. 2018

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…Lower growth at higher stocking densities could be attributed to reduced water quality (Ruane et al, 2001;Ellis et al, 2002;Foss et al, 2006), onset of hierarchies and dominant relationships (Bolasina et al, 2006), competition for food and living space (Diana et al, 2004), greater expenditure of energy in antagonistic interactions (Bachellos and Lulhier, 1999), voluntary appetite suppression and increased stress (Ruane et al, 2001;Abdel-Tawwab, 2012).…”

Section: Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tibile¹,

Sawant²,

Chadha³

et al. 2016

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Juveniles of the tropical ornamental fish, Discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) of mean standard length, 3.58 ± 0.03 cm and mean weight, 3.36 ± 0.03 g, were reared at four stocking densities (1 juvenile/10 L, 1 juvenile/7.5 L, 1 juvenile/5.0 L and 1 juvenile/2.5 L) with three replicates each, for a period of 12 weeks, to evaluate effect of stocking density on growth, condition index, size variation and survival. Growth and survival were recorded after every two weeks. At the end of the culture period, lower densities of 1 juvenile/10 L and 1 juvenile/7.5 L showed significantly higher growth and survival (p<0.05). The condition index and coefficient of variation did not vary significantly (p>0.05) among the stocking densities but coefficient of variation (CV) increased towards the end of the culture period. Results indicated that discus juveniles may be reared at the highest density of 1 juvenile per 2.5 l up to a period of two weeks without affecting growth parameters significantly, at a density of 1 juvenile per 5.0 l up to a period of six weeks and at a density of 1 juvenile per 7.5 l for a period of twelve weeks. It can, therefore, be concluded that a stocking density of 1 juvenile per 7.5 l is optimal for rearing juveniles of this fish without compromising on specific growth, survival and well-being.

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“…Although, it has been noted that too low densities can also have a negative effect on growth in species that present schooling behavior as Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) (Jørgensen et al, 1993) or sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (Papoutsoglou et al, 1998). Stocking density also has an important role during the settling of larvae of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (Bolasina et al, 2006), and it is also involved in fish welfare in many species (Ashley 2007), like rainbow trout (Ellis et al, 2002;North et al, 2006), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Turnbull et al, 2005) or Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) (Kristiansen et al, 2004). Senegalese sole shape can also be significantly affected by stocking density (Ambrosio et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mechanisms relating stocking density and growth are not fully understood, but it is generally accepted that, when water quality is not affected by the increased number of fish per cubic meter, and food items are provided in sufficient amounts, differences in growth performance could be attributed to the onset of hierarchies and dominance relationships (Papoutsoglou et al, 1998, Bolasina et al, 2006. Moreover, intrinsic internal factors such as genotype or the interaction among genotype and ongrowing environment, could as well be related to growth performance (Bagley et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stocking density and sex influence individual growth of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

2010

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Growth is usually inversely correlated with stocking density of fish in culture. Senegalese sole aquaculture is affected by a high size variability and thus, this work tried to investigate the relationship of growth with density of two populations of 96 individually tagged Senegalese sole (318.7± 7.9 g; mean± standard error of the mean). Fish were reared at low (LD) and high (HD) density (60% and 180% of bottom coverage respectively) for 195 days. After 134 days (period 1), density conditions were exchanged between groups. Mean weight, standard length, maximum width and centroid size were calculated for each of the 11 census days of the experiment. White muscle biopsies were taken in 7 of the census days in order to assess the RNA/DNA ratio, as a biochemical indicator of growth. Stocking density had an important effect on growth, as fish reared under HD showed poor or no growth during a 'lag phase' on the first 61 days of the experiment, leading to a significantly lower specific growth rate (0.23 ± 0.014) for period 1 compared with LD fish (0.34 ± 0.016). Fitting of linear mixed-effects (LME) models for the first 134 days of experiment showed a significant effect of density and sex on all the assessed biometric parameters. These results could be attributed mainly to the first 61 days of the experiment, as no differences were observed between days 61 and 134 in all the measurements, except for standard length, that showed to be lower for HD fish throughout the whole period. Fish reared under high density tended to grow slower than fish held at low density, while females showed faster growth than males, particularly in HD. Nevertheless, due to high size variability, no significant differences could be found in the mean values of weight or standard length after 134 days (467.2± 21.6 g and 28.7± 4.2 cm; 502.6 ± 22.5 g and 29.7± 4.5 cm for HD and LD fish respectively). Size variability could be an indicator of the onset of hierarchies, being stronger and with more females as dominant individuals than males in HD. After exchanging densities, and up to day 195, a similar lagging effect could be observed in LD fish exposed to high density, suggesting that a sudden change in density, more than density itself, could be the responsible for a detrimental effect on growth. RNA/DNA ratios, were significantly lower for HD fish between days 20 and 61.

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Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Cited by 136 publications

References 59 publications

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Stocking density and sex influence individual growth of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

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