Effect of Structural Parameters on the Deformational Behaviors of Multiply 3D Layer-by-Layer Angle-Interlock Para-Aramid Fabric for Fiber-Reinforcement Composite

Abstract

Materials used in the technical application including composite reinforcements and ballistic fabrics should show not only good mechanical performance but also better deformational behaviors. Meanwhile, three dimensional (3D) warp interlock fabrics have been widely employed in such applications to substitute the two dimensional (2D) fabrics because of their enhanced through-the-thickness performance and excellent formability. The deformational behaviors of such 3D warp interlock fabrics have been also influenced by various internal and external parameters. To understand and fill this gap, the current paper investigates the effects of the warp yarn interchange ratios inside the fabric structure on the formability behaviors of dry 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabrics. Four 3D warp interlock architecture types made with different binding and stuffer warp yarn interchange ratios were designed and manufactured. An adapted hydraulic-driven stamping bench along with hemispherical punch was utilized for better forming behavior analysis such as in-plane shear angle and its recovery, material drawing-in and its recovery, deformational depth recovery, and required stamping forces. Based on the investigation of various formability behaviors, the formability of (3D) warp interlock fabrics were greatly influenced by the binding and stuffer warp yarns interchange ratio inside the 3D warp interlock structure. For example, preform 3D-8W-0S exhibited a maximum deformational height recovery percentage of 5.1%, whereas 3D-4W-8S recorded only 0.72%. Preform 3D-8W-4S and 3D-8W-8S revealed 1.45% and 4.35% recovery percentages toward the deformational height at maximum position. Besides, sample 3D-4S-8W revealed the maximum drawing-in recovery percentage of 43.13% and 46.98% in the machine and cross direction, respectively, around the preform peripheral edges. On the contrary, samples with higher binding warp yarns as 3D-8W-0S show the maximum drawing-in recovery percentages values of 31.21% and 34.99% in the machine and cross directions respectively.

Flexible and customizable three-dimensional woven fabrics using dielectric- magnetic coupled polyamide-66 composite fibers for efficient and controllable electromagnetic wave absorption

“…As shown in Fig. 1c, d, there have three yarn systems of 3D fabric absorbers: warp (x), weft (y), and binding warp (z) [25]. The x and y directions are arranged straight and parallel, and the z direction yarns are interwoven to join the four layers into a single unit, giving the fabric extremely high fracture toughness, fracture toughness and impact damage tolerance [26].…”

“…To overcome the above structural weakness of the common 2D MA fabrics, numbers of 3D woven fabrics have been reported that are structurally strong and lightweight [24][25][26] and can serve as the enhanced MA absorbers due to the established 3D microwave absorbing networks within those fabrics [27,28]. For instance, Zhang et al fabricated a series of 3D gradient honeycomb woven composites (3D GHWC) with the basalt and carbon fibers as reinforcement and the carbon black-carbonyl iron powder-modified epoxy as the resin matrix.…”

Exploring Anti-Ballistic Technology Development through Bibliometric Analysis of Scopus Database Records

“…However, it does not come close to the ballistic protection offered by the aramid fibers, threads, and fabrics in personal armor. Another advantage of ultra-fine polymer filaments (not just aramid [13,61,62]) is that they offer an incredibly flexible material, which supports a high level of comfort for the wearer. To make it easier to understand, see Figure 1.…”

Dynamic Impact Surface Damage Analysis of 3D Woven Para-Aramid Armour Panels Using NDI Technique

“…Apart from the commonly used 2D and UD textile structures, 3D woven fabrics are becoming a promising ballistic textile structure due to their excellent moulding ability [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] and ballistic protection performance [ 41 , 42 ]. The 3D woven fabric’s structure could be involved not only in planer but also nonplanar body armour systems considering various structural parameters to give better ballistic protection and comfort to the wearer [ 43 ].…”