Effect of struture and form on the ability of plant sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters

Meijer, G.W.; Bressers, Marco A. J. J.; Groot, W. Arjan de; Rudrum, Mike

doi:10.1007/s11745-003-1119-4

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Richelle et al showed that when unesterified or esterified plant sterols were given to normocholesterolemic humans, the inhibitory effect on cholesterol absorption was similar between these two preparations ( 10 ). A similar observation was also reported in hamsters ( 11 ). The results suggest that the effect of these two forms can be comparable in humans and hamsters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Comparison of Effects of Dietary Unesterified and Esterified Plant Sterols on Cholesterol Absorption in Rats

Kobayashi

Hamada

Goto

et al. 2008

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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Summary Effects of dietary unesterified plant sterols and plant sterol oleates and stearates on absorption and metabolism of cholesterol were compared in rats fed a cholesterolsupplemented diet. Fecal excretion of neutral steroids (cholesterol plus coprostanol) in rats fed unesterified plant sterols or plant sterol oleates was significantly higher than in those fed the control diet or plant sterol stearates. Deposition of cholesterol in the liver was significantly lower in rats fed unesterified plant sterols or plant sterol oleates than in those fed the control diet or plant sterol stearates. No significant difference was observed in fecal excretion of cholesterol plus coprostanol and hepatic cholesterol concentration between unesterified plant sterols and plant sterol oleates. Unesterified plant sterols were significantly more effective to reduce lymphatic recovery of radiolabeled cholesterol given to the stomach than plant sterol oleates. Although our observations suggest a possibility that unesterified plant sterols are potentially more effective to inhibit cholesterol absorption than plant sterol oleates in rats, difference in the activity is substantially small between these two forms of plant sterols. Key Words cholesterol absorption, esterified plant sterols, rats, unesterified plant sterols Plant sterols have been known to have a hypocholesterolemic activity in humans and experimental animals. Functional foods containing plant sterols have been utilized around the world ( 1 ). Fatty acid esters of plant sterols have been widely used in functional foods, because they are palatable and readily soluble in oils and margarines ( 1 ). Plant sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption in the intestine ( 1 ). Cholesterol must be solubilized in the bile salt micelle to be absorbed. We previously showed that plant sterols are also solubilized in the bile salt micelle and expel cholesterol from the micelle ( 2 , 3 ). The reduction of micellar solubility of cholesterol was reflected by decreased incorporation of cholesterol into the intestinal mucosal cell and then decreased lymphatic recovery of cholesterol ( 2 , 3 ). Because plant sterol esters are not solubilized in the bile salt micelle, they must be hydrolyzed to unesterified plant sterols in the intestinal lumen. Cholesterol esterase may be responsible for the hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of plant sterol esters can be a rate-limiting process to cause an inhibitory effect on micellar solubility of cholesterol. In contrast, it has been suggested that plant sterol esters could have the same hypocholesterolemic effect as unesterified plant sterols in humans ( 1 ). In the present study, to elucidate if hydrolysis of plant sterol esters can be a rate-limiting process to exert an effective inhibition of cholesterol absorption, we compared the effects of unesterified and esterified plant sterols on cholesterol absorption and metabolism in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODSUnesterified plant sterols and plant sterol oleates and stearates were kindly provided from Fuji Oil Co., Osaka, Ja...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Plant sterol stearates contained more stigmasterol and less ␤ -sitosterol and ␤ -sitostanol compared with unesterified plant sterols and plant sterol oleates. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] C] cholesterol (55 mCi/mmol) was purchased from Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Tokyo, Japan.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Effects of Dietary Unesterified and Esterified Plant Sterols on Cholesterol Absorption in Rats

Kobayashi

Hamada

Goto

et al. 2008

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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“…To our knowledge, no other studies have shown the effects of plant sterol or stanol analogues in reducing absorption of energy substrates. Both humans 3 and hamsters [15][16][17] absorb approximately 50% of dietary cholesterol in the intestinal tract. It is known that DAPP, as well as traditional plant sterols, inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant stanol ascorbate esters reduce body weight gain through decreased energy absorption in hamsters

et al. 2006

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Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of disodium ascorbyl phytostanyl phosphate (DAPP), a novel hydrophilic phytostanol analogue, on energy homeostasis, including body weight and intestinal energy absorption, and plasma triglyceride concentrations, in hamsters. Methods: Male Golden Syrian hamsters (n ¼ 50) were fed for 5 weeks with experimental diets varying in cholesterol and phytostanol content. Diets included (i) non-cholesterol (semipurified diet without added cholesterol), (ii) cholesterol-control (semipurified diet with 0.25% cholesterol), (iii) stanol (cholesterol-control with 1% free phytostanols), (iv) DAPP 0.7% (cholesterol-control with 0.71% DAPP) or (v) DAPP 1.4% (cholesterol-control with 1.43% DAPP). Fecal samples were collected continuously for 3 days on week 3, and fecal energy output was measured by bomb calorimetry. Results: Hamsters fed 1.4% DAPP gained less (Po0.05) weight than hamsters fed non-cholesterol and stanol diets. Diets had no effect on total food consumption or gross energy intake after 5 weeks, but lower (Po0.05) weekly food consumptions in hamsters fed 1.4% DAPP were observed at weeks 1 and 2 of the experiment in comparison to animals fed the non-cholesterol diet. In comparison to non-cholesterol and cholesterol-control diets, DAPP 1.4% increased (Po0.01) fecal energy output by 47 and 46%, respectively. In hamsters supplemented with 1.4% DAPP, plasma triglyceride concentrations were 45% lower (Po0.05) than in cholesterol-control fed hamsters. Furthermore, plasma triglyceride levels in the DAPP 1.4% group was 49% lower (Po0.01) than in the stanol group, despite the fact that both diets contained equivalent amounts of phytostanols. The lower concentration of DAPP (0.7%) also reduced plasma triglycerides (Po0.05) compared with the stanol diet. Conclusion: Stanol-ascorbate decreases body weight gain in hamsters, likely due to lower energy absorption at the intestinal level. In addition to its previously observed powerful cholesterol-lowering effect, DAPP has a hypotriglyceridemic function in hamsters.

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“…Results of different studies, testing whether sterol/ stanol mixtures influence each others absorption or excretion or metabolic effects are not conclusive (Normén et al, 2000;Nestel et al, 2001;Naumann et al, 2003). Studies with sterols from less common sources such as sheanut oil or ricebran oil show conflicting results (Weststrate and Meijer, 1998;Sierksma et al, 1999;Vissers et al, 2000;Meijer et al, 2003). Non-hydrogenated tall oil sterols or stanols in their fatty acid esterified form are not used in the food supply nor have they been studied, so it is important to demonstrate the cholesterol-lowering ability of this novel source.…”

Section: European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition (2008) 62 968-977mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols

et al. 2007

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Objective: To test the dose-response effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) of plant sterols (PS) from different sources in a low-fat spread. Methods: Dose responses of soybean oil (BO), tall oil (TO) and a mix of tall oil and rapeseed oil (TO/RP) as fatty acid esters were tested in a parallel design in free-living subjects recruited from the general community who had elevated cholesterol concentrations. Subjects received either control for 6 weeks or 1.6 g PS per day for 3 weeks, then 3.0 g/day for 3 weeks. Results: LDL-c was lowered significantly by consumption of 1.6 g/day of PS (À10.4%, range À7.3 to À11.4%). Increasing the dose to 3.0 g/day modestly reduced LDL-c concentrations further to À14.7%. TO, containing 78% sitosterol, produced an increase in serum sitosterol of 6.5 nmol/ml, while BO, containing only 27% campesterol, produced an increase in serum campesterol of 9.5 nmol/ml in 6 weeks. After PS withdrawal, serum sterols declined by 50% within 2 weeks. Conclusion: Different PS sources were equally effective in lowering serum LDL-c concentrations. The decrease in absolute concentrations of LDL-c was dependent on the baseline concentrations. IntroductionA large number of human intervention studies have been performed using plant sterols (PS) or stanols incorporated into different food matrices to study their cholesterollowering effects. These studies are based on unesterified (free) or esterified PS or stanols, where the esterification is mostly based on vegetable-oil-derived fatty acids. Since the first publications of Mattson et al. in 1977 and1982, in which the efficacy of the ester format was shown, the interest in enriching foods with PS or stanol esters as an effective means of lowering total cholesterol (TC) and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) has increased. Quite a number of different food formats are now available, such as spreads, yogurts or milks, which can be taken on a daily basis. These foods formats typically provide between 1.5 and 2.5 g/day of PS or stanols from one or more servings, which have been proven to result in a 10-15% LDL-c lowering.From these studies considered collectively, the effective dose range can be established. It was stated in a recent metaanalysis of 41 studies that increasing the dose of PS or stanols to above 2.5 g/day results in little additional effects on lowering cholesterol (Katan et al., 2003). A few studies using specific PS sources and formats have also shown a dose response in smaller groups (Weststrate and Meijer, 1998;Hendriks et al., 1999). However, these studies were based on parallel groups or random assignment to the order of PS dose. One study has examined using PS the effect of four Correspondence: Dr PM Clifton, CSIRO Human Nutrition, Gate 13 Kintore Ave, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. E-mail: peter.clifton@csiro.au Guarantor: PM Clifton. Contributors: PMC and GSMJED designed the study; the intervention part was organized and monitored by PMC. PMC and MM coordinated the serum analysis. HCMvdK performed the data analysis ...

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Effect of struture and form on the ability of plant sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters

Cited by 26 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of Effects of Dietary Unesterified and Esterified Plant Sterols on Cholesterol Absorption in Rats

Comparison of Effects of Dietary Unesterified and Esterified Plant Sterols on Cholesterol Absorption in Rats

Plant stanol ascorbate esters reduce body weight gain through decreased energy absorption in hamsters

Dose-response effects of different plant sterol sources in fat spreads on serum lipids and C-reactive protein and on the kinetic behavior of serum plant sterols

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