Effect of Sulfur Content on Evolution of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Low Sulfur Al‐Killed Steels during Heat Treatment

Cheng, Lin; Li, Weifu; Zhang, Lifeng; Ren, Ying

doi:10.1002/srin.202100526

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…To improve the performance of steel products, calcium treatment is commonly applied to modify the amount of Al 2 O 3 inclusion and prevent nozzle clogging during the production of Al-killed steels. [1][2][3][4] Cored wire injection technology has attracted considerable attention owing to its better removal of inclusions, simple operation, and low cost. [5,6] However, its calcium yield is unstable, which restricts the high-quality development of steelmaking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer and Melting Characteristics of Calcium‐Cored Wire in Molten Steel

Guo,

Chen,

2023

steel research int.

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To accurately describe the heat transfer and melting characteristics of a calcium‐cored wire in molten steel, the finite difference method is used in theoretical calculations to solve the relationship between the melting temperature, radius, and time. Numerical simulations are performed using the Eulerian–Eulerian method to characterize the temperature distribution at different periods. The results show that the radius of the calcium wire and steel shell both decrease and the melting rate gradually increases. The calcium‐cored wire has a fish‐scale temperature distribution, with the temperature decreasing from a maximum at the front down to the tail end and increasing outward from the center axis. The temperature of the wire core is 1120 K at 0.272 s, indicating the complete melting of the pure internal calcium. The temperature of the calcium wire–steel shell interface reaches 1793 K at 0.979 s and remains from 1645 to 1757 K at the front of calcium wire. The steel shell melts through, and calcium flows into the molten steel in liquid form. The numerical simulation results generally agree with the theoretical calculations, and the reliability of the model is verified by comparison with published studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Transfer and Melting Characteristics of Calcium‐Cored Wire in Molten Steel

Guo,

Chen,

2023

steel research int.

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“…The precipitation of MnS inclusions mostly occurred in steel during cooling and during heating processes. [ 31,32 ] It was reported that MnS inclusions near the grain boundary of the steel were usually large and long and well deformed during steel rolling while MnS that precipitated around oxide inclusions were nearly spherical and difficultly deformed during steel rolling. [ 33–35 ] Inclusions in the heavy rail steel in the current study were mainly SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –MnO ones as SiMn deoxidation was performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ Observation on the Heterogeneous Nucleation of MnS in Heavy Rail Steels with Varied Aluminum Content

Song

Zhu

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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Heavy rail steels are widely used in railway transportation owing to their high strength and great toughness properties nowadays. [1][2][3] The number, size, composition, morphology, and spatial distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in steel have a crucial impact on the cleanliness and performance of the steel product. [4][5][6][7][8] Particularly, large and long MnS inclusions precipitated during heat treatment after rolling of the steel and have a detrimental effect on the strength and corrosion resistance of heavy rail steels. [9][10][11][12][13] Many studies were reported to control large-sized MnS inclusions according to the characteristic and source of MnS in the steel, such as slag refining, [14,15] calcium/magnesium addition, [16][17][18][19] zirconium/cerium addition, [20][21][22] heat treatment process, [23,24] and heterogeneous nucleation improvement. [25][26][27] Oikawa et al. [28,29] studied the effect of Ti addition on the formation and distribution of MnS inclusions in Fe-0.1%C-1%Mn-0.02%S steels during solidification. The reason for the significant size reduction of MnS inclusions was the (Ti, Mn)O composite oxides generated at solid/liquid interface of the steel with Ti addition, which acted as heterogeneous nucleation cores for the formation of MnS. Zhang et al. [30] investigated the characteristics of MnS particles at three different cooling rates of 80.4 K s À1 (water cooling), 3.8 K s À1 (air cooling), and 1.8 K s À1 (furnace cooling). With the decreasing cooling rate, the 3D morphology of MnS changed from nearly spherical into rod like and the area fraction and average diameter of MnS increased. Li et al. [25] studied the mechanism of MnS precipitation on Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 inclusions during the solidification of nonoriented silicon steel. MnS can precipitate on micrometer-sized oxides and its precipitation behavior was governed by the phase structure of the oxides. Nowadays, promoting the heterogeneous nucleation of MnS inclusions was acknowledged as an effective method to reduce flaw detection defects of steel heavy rails.The precipitation of MnS inclusions mostly occurred in steel during cooling and during heating processes. [31,32] It was reported that MnS inclusions near the grain boundary of the steel were usually large and long and well deformed during steel rolling while MnS that precipitated around oxide inclusions were nearly spherical and difficultly deformed during steel rolling.

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