Effect of Supplementation of Preterm Formula With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Mineral Balance in Preterm Infants

Martinez, Francisco Eulógio; Sieber, Vanessa M; Jorge, Salim Moysés; Ferlin, Maria Lúcia Silveira; Mussi-Pinhata, Marisa Márcia

doi:10.1097/00005176-200210000-00008

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Consistent with these findings, Martinez et al (7) reported that supplementation of preterm formula with ARA and DHA caused no disturbances in mineral balance. Studies with rodents (14,44), piglets (45), and chicks (46,47), however, have reported effects of n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid and ARA) and n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) on bone formation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 63%

Body Composition in Preterm Infants Who Are Fed Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

et al. 2005

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mentioning

confidence: 63%

Body Composition in Preterm Infants Who Are Fed Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

et al. 2005

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“…In piglets, calcium absorption was measured at 84%, whereas in rats, although the percentage of calcium absorbed was not stated, calcium absorption was increased by up to 45% (2). It is most likely that the differences between these two studies were due to the animal's developmental ages rather than the specific amounts of PUFAs because in human preterm infants dietary AA:DHA also did not affect mineral balance (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Today, most companies have marketed formula containing AA and DHA, yet the effect of formula with and without AA and DHA on bone mineralization and calcium balance remains unclear. In preterm infants, dietary AA as 0.5 g/100 g of fat and DHA as 0.3 g/100 g of fat in formula had no effect on mineral balance (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc) (4). Also in preterm infants, dietary AA (0.46 g/100 g of fat) and DHA (0.26 g/ 100 g until hospital discharge followed by 0.16 g/100 g of fat) in formula had no benefits to bone mass through to 1 y corrected age (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Dietary Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Elevate Femur Calcium and Reduce Zinc Content in Piglets

Mollard

Weiler

2006

Pediatr Res

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Specific dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and long chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) elevate femur calcium content and enhance calcium balance. Mother's milk is associated with enhanced calcium balance and contains LCPUFAs; arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexanoic acid (DHA). However, the effect of AA and DHA on calcium metabolism and other bone minerals during infancy is unknown. Thus, piglets received one of four formulas (15 d): control or with AA:DHA (0.5:0.1 g, 1.0:0.2 g, or 2.0:0.4 g/ 100 g of fat). Calcium absorption, femur mineral composition, and urinary mineral excretion. Main effects identified using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analysis conducted using Duncan's multiple range test. Significant effects of diet were observed in femur calcium and zinc content, but not calcium absorption, urinary mineral excretion, femur ash weight, femur phosphorus, or femur magnesium content. The piglets receiving AA:DHA as 1.0:0.2 g/100 g of fat had 1.9% higher mg calcium/g of ash, but 8.6% lower g zinc/g of ash compared with control. Thus, AA:DHA in a ratio of 5:1 does not affect mineral accretion, but AA plus DHA, in amounts similar to the upper limit of human milk, might be detrimental to bone mineralization over time due to lower zinc.

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“…A total of fourteen studies on zinc retention were identified [11,[17][18][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] with data on forty-five distinctly identifiable groups (Tables 1 and 2). All studies were identified in the primary PubMed search.…”

Section: Zincmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eleven studies measured copper balance [11,[17][18][19][23][24][25]27,30], all of which also reported data for zinc balance. Thirty-two distinct groups were identified (Table 3).…”

Section: Coppermentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc and copper requirements in preterm infants: An examination of the current literature

Griffin

Domellöf

Bhatia

et al. 2013

Early Human Development

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oBackground: Zinc and copper are essential for preterm infants, but recommended requirements from different groups vary widely. Recommended zinc intakes have steadily increased over the years. Although this would be expected to impair copper absorption, recommended copper intakes have not risen in parallel. Objectives: To systematically review the literature on zinc and copper retention in preterm infants; to examine the effect on zinc intake on copper retention; and to estimate the zinc and copper intakes required to meet the levels of zinc and copper retention required for normal growth. Design: Studies reporting zinc and/or copper retention in preterm infants (b36 weeks of gestation) during the first 120 days of life were identified using PubMed. Only studies reporting net retention were included. Results: Fourteen studies on zinc retention reporting data on 45 different groups were identified. Eleven studies (32 groups) were identified reporting copper retention. Zinc retention was significantly higher at higher zinc intakes, and higher in formula-based diets than in human milk based diets. Zinc intakes of between 1.8-2.4 mg/kg/d (from formula based diets) and 2.3-2.4 mg/kg/d (from human-milk based diets) were required to achieve adequate zinc retention. Copper retention was significantly positively correlated with copper intake and significantly negatively correlated with zinc intake. At the zinc intakes suggested previously (1.8-2.4, 2.3-2.4 mg/kg/d), copper intakes of between 200 and 250 mcg/kg/d are required to ensure adequate copper retention. Conclusions: Our results support the higher zinc intakes recommended in recent guidelines. However, they suggest that recommended copper intakes have not kept pace with increasing zinc intakes, and that preterm infants may need higher copper intakes than currently recommended.

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Effect of Supplementation of Preterm Formula With Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Mineral Balance in Preterm Infants

Abstract: Adding a content of LCP blend similar to that of human milk to a preterm formula caused no disturbance in Ca, P, Mg, Zn, or Cu nutritional balance.

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

Body Composition in Preterm Infants Who Are Fed Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Body Composition in Preterm Infants Who Are Fed Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Dietary Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Elevate Femur Calcium and Reduce Zinc Content in Piglets

Zinc and copper requirements in preterm infants: An examination of the current literature

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