“…Unfortunately, many AAs are susceptible to chloride ion attack, largely limiting their marine applications (Tseng et al , 2012; Sekularac and Milosev, 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to greatly improve the corrosion resistance of AAs against ion attacking, and surface treatment methods have been widely implemented (Kosari et al , 2020; Zhang et al , 2017; Padash et al , 2020; Yabuki et al , 2019), such as anodizing, plating, conversion coating, polymer coating and micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating. Particularly, MAO coating is of great interest due to its high electric insulation resistance and good adhesion (Ji et al , 2017; Cai et al , 2020; Zong et al , 2019).…”