“…The transport of PNPs in the subsurface environment is expected to be highly affected by a wide range of processes, including sedimentation, aggregation, re-suspension, and entrapment [ 28 , 29 ]. These processes are significantly influenced by the properties of PNPs (i.e., particle size and surface properties), solution chemistries (i.e., ionic strength (IS), cation type, and pH), porous media (i.e., grain size and surface heterogeneity), flow condition, and coexisting pollutants [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. However, the transport behaviors of PNPs and the mechanisms involved are still far from being fully understood.…”