Surfactant
adsorption at the air–water interface is critical
to many industrial processes but its dependence on salt ions is still
poorly understood. Here, we investigate the adsorption of sodium dodecanoate
onto the air–water interface using model saline waters of Li+ or Cs+ at pH values 8 and 11. Both cations enhance
the surfactant adsorption, as expected, but their largest effects
on the adsorption also depend on pH. Specifically, surface tension
measurements, sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, and microelectrophoresis
show that small (hard) Li+ enhances the surfactant adsorption
more than large (soft) Cs+ at pH 11. This effect is fully
reversed at pH 8. We argue that this salting-up (increasing adsorption)
reversal is attributable to the conversion of the neutralized carboxylic
(−COOH) headgroup at pH 8 into the charged carboxylate (−COO–) headgroup at pH 11, which, respectively, interact
with Cs+ and Li+ favorably. Molecular dynamics
simulation shows that the affinity of Cs+ to the interface
is decreased and eventually overtaken by Li+ as the carboxylic
groups are deprotonated. This study highlights the importance of the
charge and size of salt ions in selecting surfactants and electrolytes
for industrial applications.