Effect of synthetic thymic humoral factor (THF-γ2) on T cell activities in immunodeficient ageing mice

Goso, Cristina; Frasca, Daniela; Doria, Gino

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03000.x

Cited by 32 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…53 In another study, thymic humoral factor-gamma 2, a thymus derived synthetic octapeptide, was used in 11 patients; HDV RNA became undetectable in three of eight patients with HDV RNA detectable at baseline, of whom two had a virologic relapse. 54 Thymus-derived peptides are believed to have a variety of immunomodulatory effects 55,56 and beneficial effects were reported using a combination of thymic humoral factor-gamma 2 with INFα in chronic hepatitis B 57 ; however, no combination was tested in CDH.…”

Section: What Is the Impact Of Therapy In The High Proportion Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis

Yurdaydın¹

2012

Semin Liver Dis

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Chronic delta hepatitis (CDH) remains the most progressive form of chronic viral hepatitis and as such its successful treatment is important. However, in striking contrast to the situation in chronic hepatitis B and C, no new drugs for its treatment have been introduced in the recent past and interferons remain the only evidence-based effective treatment of CDH. However, results are far from optimal. Overall, around 25 to 30% of patients may have a sustained response after one year of conventional or pegylated interferon (Peg-INF) treatment and such treatment may favorably affect the natural history of the disease. The superiority of Peg-INF over its conventional form is possible, but has not been demonstrated in a clinical trial. Several unanswered questions remain in the context of INF treatment such as (1) the need for standardization of HDV-RNA quantitation, the most widely used surrogate marker of treatment efficacy; (2) validation of this treatment end point as an index of long-term containment of HDV; (3) optimal duration of treatment; (4) baseline and on-treatment parameters of treatment efficacy; and (5) development of new markers of treatment efficacy. Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) have been widely tested in CDH, but they appear to be ineffective when used for a duration of up to 2 years. Combination treatment of NAs with INFs also proved to be disappointing. New approaches to treatment are hepatocyte entry inhibitors and prenylation inhibitors to be hopefully tested in human CDH in the not-too-distant future.

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Section: What Is the Impact Of Therapy In The High Proportion Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis

Yurdaydın¹

2012

Semin Liver Dis

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“…Deficient T cell function is restored by it in human cases. Comparing a synthetic THF gamma 2 with thymosin alpha 1, THF's effect is 400-fold greater [26].…”

Section: Thymic Humoral Factor (Thf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Csaba¹

2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The thymus develops from an endocrine area of the foregut, and retains the ancient potencies of this region. However, later it is populated by bone marrow originated lymphatic elements and forms a combined organ, which is a central part of the immune system as well as an influential element of the endocrine orchestra. Thymus produces self-hormones (thymulin, thymosin, thymopentin, and thymus humoral factor), which are participating in the regulation of immune cell transformation and selection, and also synthesizes hormones similar to that of the other endocrine glands such as melatonin, neuropeptides, and insulin, which are transported by the immune cells to the sites of requests (packed transport). Thymic (epithelial and immune) cells also have receptors for hormones which regulate them. This combined organ, which is continuously changing from birth to senescence seems to be a pacemaker of life. This function is basically regulated by the selection of self-responsive thymocytes as their complete destruction helps the development (up to puberty) and their gradual release in case of weakened control (after puberty) causes the erosion of cells and intercellular material, named aging. This means that during aging, self-destructive and non-protective immune activities are manifested under the guidance of the involuting thymus, causing the continuous irritation of cells and organs. Possibly the pineal body is the main regulator of the pacemaker, the neonatal removal of which results in atrophy of thymus and wasting disease and its later corrosion causes the insufficiency of thymus. The co-involution of pineal and thymus could determine the aging and the time of death without external intervention; however, external factors can negatively influence both of them.

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“…In ageing mice, the numbers of mitogen-responsive T cells in thymus and spleen as well as the frequency of cytokine-producing splenic T cells were increased to levels observed in young animals. In the old mice, the efficacy of THF-γ2 in raising T helper cell activity was 400-fold greater than that of thymosin-α1 [ 137 ]. The immuno-restorative capacity of THF-γ2 was not only demonstrated in immunosenescent mice, but also in other models and cases of immunodeficiency, such as melphalan-treated mice [ 138 ], in human T cell deficiency [ 139 ] and bone marrow explants from HIV infected patients [ 140 ].…”

Section: Revisiting the Thymus Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

Rezzani

Franco

Hardeland

et al. 2020

IJMS

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For years the thymus gland (TG) and the pineal gland (PG) have been subject of increasingly in-depth studies, but only recently a link that can associate the activities of the two organs has been identified. Considering, on the one hand, the well-known immune activity of thymus and, on the other, the increasingly emerging immunological roles of circadian oscillators and the rhythmically secreted main pineal product, melatonin, many studies aimed to analyse the possible existence of an interaction between these two systems. Moreover, data confirmed that the immune system is functionally associated with the nervous and endocrine systems determining an integrated dynamic network. In addition, recent researches showed a similar, characteristic involution process both in TG and PG. Since the second half of the 20th century, evidence led to the definition of an effectively interacting thymus-pineal axis (TG-PG axis), but much has to be done. In this sense, the aim of this review is to summarize what is actually known about this topic, focusing on the impact of the TG-PG axis on human life and ageing. We would like to give more emphasis to the implications of this dynamical interaction in a possible therapeutic strategy for human health. Moreover, we focused on all the products of TG and PG in order to collect what is known about the role of peptides other than melatonin. The results available today are often unclear and not linear. These peptides have not been well studied and defined over the years. In this review we hope to awake the interest of the scientific community in them and in their future pharmacological applications.

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Effect of synthetic thymic humoral factor (THF-γ2) on T cell activities in immunodeficient ageing mice

Cited by 32 publications

References 31 publications

Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis

Treatment of Chronic Delta Hepatitis

The Immunoendocrine Thymus as a Pacemaker of Lifespan

Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing

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