Effect of Temperature and Sucrose Availability on Kernel Black Layer Development in Maize<sup>1</sup>

Afuakwa, J. J.; Crookston, R. Kent; Jones, Robert J.

doi:10.2135/cropsci1984.0011183x002400020018x

Cited by 46 publications

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“…Data from Borrás and Westgate (2006) suggested two popcorn genotypes reach maximum size at lower MC values than other dent genotypes, but results were not conclusive because of inadequate sampling. Many studies have previously documented genotypic diff erences in MC at full black layer (Rench and Shaw, 1971;Daynard, 1972;Carter and Poneleit, 1973), but black layer is always formed after kernels achieve maximum dry weight (Afuakwa et al, 1984;Muchow, 1990). Additionally, using black layer as a consistent visual estimate of physiological maturity has considerable methodological problems (see Daynard, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

et al. 2009

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Information regarding genotypic variability for maize (Zea mays L.) grain‐filling patterns is scarce, especially at the inbred level. We characterized a large set of public and elite proprietary inbred lines for kernel growth traits. Lines were selected to sample divergent kernel size, genetic diversity, and lines released from breeding programs. The traits characterized were final kernel weight (KW), kernel growth rate (KGR), grain‐filling duration (GFD), maximum water content and moisture concentration (fresh weight basis) at physiological maturity. We evaluated 32 inbred lines in 2006 and 35 inbred lines in 2007. Kernel weight ranged from 104 to 317 mg per kernel in 2006 and from 96 to 327 mg per kernel in 2007. Variation in KW was achieved through different combinations of KGR (0.14 to 0.44 mg °Cd−1 kernel−1) and GFD (610 to 1137 °Cd). There was no correlation between KGR and GFD. Moisture concentration at physiological maturity showed significant genotypic differences (p < 0.001), ranging from 280 to 600 g kg−1 A previously described framework for predicting kernel growth patterns based on kernel water accumulation was tested for accuracy and differences were observed (p < 0.01), suggesting that a general pattern cannot be used to describe all the genotypic variability available. Results demonstrate the high variability in KW across elite and public maize inbreds, reflecting a wide range of KGRs and GFDs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

et al. 2009

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“…A lengthened presilking growth duration and photoperiod in high latitudes regions caused the maize to produce more photosynthates, resulting in the maize growing more leaves (Stevenson and Goodman, 1972;Coligado and Brown, 1974;Chase and Nanda, 1967;Birch et al, 1998). The lower temperature, especially cold temperature in high latitudes regions, might result in the prematurity of maize and thus the shorter grain filling period (Afuakwa et al, 1983;Olesen and Bindi, 2002). As latitude increased northward, the postsilking stage aboveground biomass decreased significantly.…”

Section: Spatial Variation In Aboveground Biomass and The Impact Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adaptation of crops to harsh environments depended on changes in the length and timing of their life cycle (Evans, 1996). The lower temperature, especially cold temperature in high latitudes regions, might result in the prematurity of maize and thus the shorter grain filling period (Afuakwa et al, 1983;Olesen and Bindi, 2002). The shortened grain filling period could result in the postsilking biomass decreasing (Coe et al, 1988;Evans, 1996;Yan et al, 2010).…”

Section: Spatial Variation In Aboveground Biomass and The Impact Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Adaptabilities of Spring Maize to Variation of Climatic Conditions

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2013

Crop Science

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Environmental conditions have important effects on maize (Zea mays L.) growth. To examine spatial variation in maize yield and aboveground biomass and to understand differences in the response of maize yield and aboveground biomass to climatic factors under various ecological conditions, we conducted experiments from 2007 to 2010 at 34 locations in seven provinces in the spring maize region of northern China between 35°11′ N lat and 48°08′ N lat. We used a most widely cultivated maize hybrid ZD958. The maize yield and aboveground biomass (presilking and postsilking) were found to be strongly influenced by locations. A nonlinear relationship existed between the maize yields and latitude. Maize yield was the greatest (12.19 Mg ha–1) at 39°08′ N lat, and the corresponding presilking and postsilking aboveground biomass at this location were 143.41 and 215.35 g per plant, respectively. Variations in the harvest index (HI) and 1000‐kernel weight were the main reasons for yield latitudinal trends. Among the climatic factors, air temperature had the best relationships with variations in maize yield, HI, and 1000‐kernel weight. With latitudes increasing northward, presilking aboveground biomass affected by growth duration length and accumulated solar radiation increased significantly. The aboveground biomass of postsilking stage that was affected by the maximum temperature, daily mean temperature, and growing degree days decreased significantly with latitudes increasing northward. However, there were no significant changes of total aboveground biomass with latitudes increasing northward.

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“…Grain‐filling duration may be determined by a number of factors including sucrose availability to the kernel (Afuakwa et al, 1984) and activity levels of enzymes involved in sugar and starch metabolism in the kernel (Singletary et al, 1994) Similarly, the rate of grain filling may be affected by sucrose concentration in the kernel (Jenner, 1970) and activity levels of enzymes in the pathway of starch biosynthesis (Jenner et al, 1993; Keeling et al, 1993, 1994).…”

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Heat Stress during Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Kernel Growth and Metabolism

et al. 1999

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maximum grain size. A growth chamber study by Badu-Apraku et al. (1983) shows a more dramatic yield loss The average temperature in the U.S. Corn Belt during the grainassociated with high temperatures during the period of filling period of maize (Zea mays L.) is above optimum for maximum grain yield. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects grain filling . They observed a 42% loss in grain weight of an extended period of high temperature during grain filling on per plant when day/night temperature from 18 d postkernel growth, composition, and starch metabolism of seven maize silking to maturity was increased from 25/15 to 35/15ЊC, inbreds. Plants were exposed to heat stress (33.5/25؇C) or control (25/ a6 ЊC rise in average daily temperature. 20؇C) day/night temperature treatments in a greenhouse from 15 dThe interaction of heat stress with other environmenafter pollination (DAP) until maturity, and the experiment was contal factors in the field, such as drought stress, makes it ducted in triplicate over time. Root zone temperature was maintained difficult to study the effect of high temperature on maize at 25/20؇C in both treatments. No significant interaction occurred yield in isolation. Furthermore, it may be difficult to between genotype and temperature treatments for nine grain traits. separate the effects of heat stress occurring during grain Heat stress lengthened the duration of grain filling on a heat unit filling from a previously occurring heat stress. The use (HU) basis, but an overcompensatory reduction in kernel growth rate per HU resulted in an average mature kernel dry weight loss of 7% of controlled environments makes it possible to study (P ϭ 0.06). Proportionally similar reductions occurred for starch, more precisely how high temperature treatment affects protein, and oil contents of the kernel. Heat stress also reduced kernel maize grain filling. However, controlled-environment density. A survey of 11 enzymes of sugar and starch metabolism studies should strive to mirror conditions in the field as extracted from developing endosperm revealed that ADPglucose pyclosely as possible. As described below, conditions of rophosphorylase, glucokinase, sucrose synthase, and soluble starch root temperature and photyosynthetically active radiasynthase were most sensitive to the high temperature treatment. Howtion (PAR) intensity can differ between the field and ever, upon adjusting enzyme activities with measured temperature controlled environment and have been shown to be coefficients (i.e., Q 10 ), only ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase exhibited important factors that help determine how plants rereduced activity. Results indicate that chronic heat stress during grain spond to high temperature.filling moderately restrains seed storage processes and select enzymes of starch metabolism to similar degrees across multiple maize inbreds.

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Effect of Temperature and Sucrose Availability on Kernel Black Layer Development in Maize¹

Cited by 46 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

Spatial Adaptabilities of Spring Maize to Variation of Climatic Conditions

Heat Stress during Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Kernel Growth and Metabolism

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Effect of Temperature and Sucrose Availability on Kernel Black Layer Development in Maize1

Cited by 46 publications

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Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

Characterization of Grain‐Filling Patterns in Diverse Maize Germplasm

Spatial Adaptabilities of Spring Maize to Variation of Climatic Conditions

Heat Stress during Grain Filling in Maize: Effects on Kernel Growth and Metabolism

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Effect of Temperature and Sucrose Availability on Kernel Black Layer Development in Maize¹