Effect of temperature on tribological properties of palm biodiesel

Haseeb, A.S.M.A.; Sia, Shang Yuen; Fazal, M. A.; Masjuki, H.H.

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.12.001

Cited by 149 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Finally we have that, although this new biofuel is outside the EN 14214 standard, several papers have demonstrated that monoglycerides enhance the lubricity of fuels respect to standard biodiesel [41][42][43][44][45]. Thus, its incorporation to the market of biofuels has not currently any technical limitation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, some studies have also demonstrated that minor components of biodiesel, usually considered contaminants under the biodiesel standard EN 14214, including free fatty acids and monoacyl glycerol, are essentially responsible for the lubricity of low-levels blends of biodiesel and petrodiesel. Pure FAME exhibit reduced lubricity compared to the biodiesel containing these compounds [41][42][43][44][45]. The presence of greater quantities of monoglycerides and/or free fatty acids enhances the lubricity of biodiesel, which is another key feature of this novel biofuel that incorporates high amounts of monoglycerides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biofuel that Keeps Glycerol as Monoglyceride by 1,3-Selective Ethanolysis with Pig Pancreatic Lipase Covalently Immobilized on AlPO4 Support

et al. 2013

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By using pig pancreatic lipase (EC 3.1.1.3 or PPL) as a biocatalyst, covalently immobilized on amorphous AlPO 4 support, a new second generation biodiesel was obtained in the transesterification reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol. The resulting biofuel is composed of fatty acid ethyl esters and monoglycerides (FAEE/MG) blended in a 2:1 molar ratio. This novel product, which integrates glycerol as monoacylglycerols (MG) into the biofuels composition, has similar physicochemical properties as conventional biodiesel and also avoids the removal step of the by-product by washing of the biodiesel with water. Immobilization of PPL was achieved by covalent attachment of the ε-amino group of the lysine residues of PPL with the aldehyde groups of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde linked on a hybrid organic-inorganic functionalized AlPO 4 surface. With this procedure, the PPL biocatalyst was strongly fixed to the inorganic support surface (94.3%). Nevertheless, the efficiency of the immobilized enzyme was relatively lower compared to that of the free PPL, but it showed a remarkable stability as well as a great capacity of reutilization (25 reuses) without a significant loss of its initial OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2013, 6 3880 catalytic activity. Therefore, this enzymatic method allows the production of a biodiesel which integrates the glycerol, allows a more efficient fabrication method and minimizes the waste production as compared to the conventional alkali-catalyzed process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuel that Keeps Glycerol as Monoglyceride by 1,3-Selective Ethanolysis with Pig Pancreatic Lipase Covalently Immobilized on AlPO4 Support

et al. 2013

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“…The fuel itself acted as the lubricant for the above components, when the biodiesels were reported to have better lubricity than the petroleum diesel. There were oxygen containing trace compounds, such as esters and fatty acids adsorb on rubbing surface to reduce the adhesion and limit the friction and wear formation (Haseeb et al, 2010). Many studies focused on the engine wear by long-term operation with static engine or field trail tests.…”

Section: Durability Test and Deterioration Of Diesel Enginementioning

confidence: 99%

Influences of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends on PAH and PCDD/F Emissions from Diesel Engines in Durability Testing Cycle

Redfern

Lin

Wang

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, the 60,000-km durability tests were performed on two diesel engines (EURO IV and EURO II) by using B10 (10% waste cooking oil + 90% diesel) and B8 (8% waste cooking oil + 92% diesel), respectively, to determine the impacts on the emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCCD/Fs). The above emissions were measured per 20,000-km testing intervals. The highest total PAH mass concentrations were 38.2 and 25.6 µg Nm -3 before durability test by operating the EURO IV and II engines, respectively, and decreased 51-55% after 60,000-km operation. The dominant congeners of PAH emissions were naphthalene (> 45%), pyrene, and phenanthrene, which belonged to the LM-PAHs. The total PAH BaP eq had different emission trends between the two engines during the durability tests. The highest level was 2.17 µg BaP eq Nm -3 from EURO II engine before the test and reduced 84% after a 60,000-km cycle, when the total-BaP eq emissions of EURO IV tended to increase from 0.0894 to 0.154 µg BaP eq Nm -3 after the same test. The most dominant congener to the toxicity emissions was benzo(a)pyrene (~70%). Additionally, the PCDD/F emissions were tested in EURO IV engine by using B10. The PCDD/F concentrations of mass and toxicity approached the highest levels, 167 ng Nm -3 and 3.69 pg WHO-TEQ Nm -3, after 60,000-km and 20,000-km running cycles, respectively. The main dominant congeners were OCDD (> 50%) for mass, 2,3,7,8-TeCDD (> 35%) and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (> 18%) for toxicity. Consequently, the use of WCO-biodiesel might reduce the PAH mass and toxicity emissions in older engine but had no significant effect in PAH and PCDD/F emissions during the deterioration of a newer engine.

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“…It is preferred due to its advantages such as being nature friendly, renewability, non-toxicity, biodegradability, high lubricity and viscosity level, high viscosity index, high ash point, low volatility, and high shear stability [4][5][6]. There have been relatively few recent studies on palm oil to be used as additive mineral oilbased lubricants, biodiesel production, and lubricant base stock [7][8][9][10]. Palm oil is one of the economical vegetable oils in Malaysia, and Malaysia is the one of the world's largest producer of palm oil [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous researches conducted an experiment on palm oil to use as an additive in mineral oil-based lubricants, as biodiesel production, and as lubricant base stock [7][8][9][10]; however, there are limited references to the Re ned, Bleached and Deodorized (RBD) palm kernel as a base lubricant formulated with ZDDP additive. In this study, tribological properties of RBD palm kernel with various concentrations of ZDDP additive were evaluated using a modi ed pin-on-disk tribotester.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

Farhanah

Samion

2017

Scientia Iranica

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Abstract. The e ects of zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) concentration on tribological behavior of the Re ned, Bleached, and Deodorized (RBD) palm kernel were analyzed using a pin-on-disk tribotester. RBD palm kernel was selected as a base lubricant due to its availability, low price, renewability, and being environmentally friendly. Commercial mineral oil (SAE 40) was used for comparison. The tests were performed at 2.5 m/s sliding speed under 9.8 N applied load for 60 minutes at 25 C temperature ( 2 C). Worn surface of the pin was measured by the optical microscope to understand the wear mechanism involved. Compared with SAE 40, experimental results show that the addition of 5 wt% of ZDDP reduced the coe cient of friction to 21%. However, the anti-wear property was still lower, approximately at 23%. Besides, the tribological behavior of RBD palm kernel was improved with ZDDP additive concentration above 1 wt% where the best performance was at 5 wt%. At this concentration level, ZDDP additive was able to protect the surface against wear and oxidation and, at the same time, reduce coe cient of friction, wear rate, and surface roughness values.

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Effect of temperature on tribological properties of palm biodiesel

Cited by 149 publications

References 34 publications

Biofuel that Keeps Glycerol as Monoglyceride by 1,3-Selective Ethanolysis with Pig Pancreatic Lipase Covalently Immobilized on AlPO4 Support

Biofuel that Keeps Glycerol as Monoglyceride by 1,3-Selective Ethanolysis with Pig Pancreatic Lipase Covalently Immobilized on AlPO4 Support

Influences of Waste Cooking Oil-Based Biodiesel Blends on PAH and PCDD/F Emissions from Diesel Engines in Durability Testing Cycle

Tribological behavior of refined, bleached and deodorized palm kernel as an alternative lubricant

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