Effect of Tenofovir/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz with and without Chloroquine in Patients with HIV/AIDS C3: Double Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Background: The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces both mortality and morbidity of patients with HIV/ AIDS. The effects of chloroquine against HIV replication are widely known.

Improving Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Chloroquine Diphosphate into Biodegradable Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach against Herpes Virus Simplex-1 Infection

“…In this context, Vero E6 cells were infected with a common human pathogen, the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The antiviral activity of CQ has been reported in the literature [18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. However, its anti-HSV-1 activity was not yet been well described.…”

“…In this context, this work focused on the role of CQ, which is a highlighted lysosomotropic drug among the molecules with proved antiviral activity [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,63]. The CQ has shown pronounced antiviral action against different viruses [64].…”

“…In addition to the antimalarial activity, CQ has been used to treat chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus [10,11,12]. Recently, this drug has also attracted attention due to its anticancer [13,14,15,16,17] and antiviral activity [18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. In this context, CQ is a hydrophilic drug with low toxicity that has shown some limitations to reach an effective intracellular concentration.…”

Is the central complement component C3 altered in the synergy of HIV infection and preeclampsia?

“…This response is unexpected due to the fact that these women were receiving ARV treatment, which decreases the HIV viral load and neutralises the hyperinflammatory response mediated from the complement system [33] . Moreover, studies by Isaac et al [28] and Datta et al [34] , have reported elevated C3 concentration levels following ARV therapy. ARV’s reduce the viral replication drastically, resulting in decreased circulating viral antigens, antibodies and subsequently leading to the increase of C3.…”

“…The mechanism of action for most ARV drugs is to inhibit one out of the two HIV enzymes, viz ., protease or transcriptase [28] . The most frequently recommended antiretroviral therapy for initial treatment is Efavirenz + 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) [29] , one of the drugs of choice administered as combination therapy in our study.…”