Effect of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) in relation to tibial dyschondroplasia in chickens

Transcriptome-based screening of intracellular pathways and angiogenesis related genes at different stages of thiram induced tibial lesions in broiler chickens

“…The cells stop to multiply and endure hypertrophy and apoptosis in tibia bone. Thiram destroyed the regular column of chondrocytes and the number of cells is decreased in the tibial growth plate of chickens [13]. In TD, the cells in hypertrophic zone were degraded, dead and arranged in irregular columns, having no nucleus in it [16].…”

“…Thiram is lipophilic in nature and combined with the cell membrane to cause cytotoxicity, bone formation disorder, cartilage cell damage and immune depressions. It can also cause membrane damage, bone morphogenic inactivation and inhibit angiogenesis [12,13]. In TD, a large number of the cartilage cell damage is due to the apoptosis process and abnormal protein secretion in the cartilage cells, causing a decrease in the cartilage extracellular matrix degradation rate, which limits the space for bone deposition [14,15].…”

Plastrum Testudinis Extract Mitigates Thiram Toxicity in Broilers via Regulating PI3K/AKT Signaling

“…Secondary antibody treatment was done using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody in the dark for 2 h at 25 • C. Diaminobenzidine (DAB) was used for chromogen staining. The light microscope was used to observe the changes and Image-Pro ®Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA) was used to analyze the images for the calculation of vascular area, bone trabecular ratio and number of cells [6,44,49].…”

“…If a thiram-containing diet is offered to avian species, it can have a remarkable and damaging effect and can lead to tibial bone metabolic disorder known as tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) [4]. Broiler chickens have a significantly high prevalence of TD due to the fact of thiram-contaminated feed [5], since there is more application of thiram in the food and agriculture sector; thus, due to a contaminated environment, it may become part of the feed [6]. Poultry birds and other model animals show the same symptoms of TD as in naturally occurring cases of TD [7,8].…”

“…Thiram toxicity results in immune disorder, bone growth reduction and cartilage cells destruction by adhering with cell membrane due to its lipophilic nature. In severe cases, it can lead to angiogenesis inhibition, permanent membrane damage, and inactivation of bone morphogenic proteins [6]. Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a common bone problem in broilers characterized by non-vascularization and non-mineralization in tibia growth plates [9] which generally leads to lameness and uncharacteristic growth of chondrocytes [10][11][12].…”