Effect of the added amount of organically-modified montmorillonite on the catalytic carbonization of polypropylene into cup-stacked carbon nanotubes

Gong, Jiang; Liu, Jie; Jiang, Zhiwei; Wen, Xin; Chen, Xuecheng; Mijowska, Ewa; Wang, Yanhui; Tang, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.03.112

Cited by 69 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…CNT production from plastics has been demonstrated [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], however the effect of the steam injection rate on CNT and hydrogen has not been considered. The potential to produce CNTs from the pyrolysis of plastics was demonstrated by Kukovitsky et al [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CNTs can also be produced from the combustion of plastic sources. In a series of studies Gong et al [29][30][31] produced CNTs and cup stacked CNTs from a polypropylene source, and found that the amount of chlorine used in the process has a strong effect on the CNT morphology. It is suggested that the growth of CNTs from plastic sources is governed by the production of aromatic products on the catalyst surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Acomb

2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

165

102

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proven to be possible as high-value by-products of hydrogen production from gasification of waste plastics. In this work, steam content in the gasification process was investigated to increase the quality of CNTs in terms of purity.Three different plastics -low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were studied in a two stage pyrolysis-gasification reactor. Plastics samples were pyrolysed in nitrogen at 600°C, before the evolved gases were passed to a second stage where steam was injected and the gases were reformed at 800°C in the presence of a nickelalumina catalyst. To investigate the effect that steam plays on CNT production, steam injection rates of 0, 0.25, 1.90 and 4.74 g h -1 were employed. The CNTs produced from all three plastics were multiwalled CNTs with diameters between 10 and 20 nm and several microns in length. For all the plastic samples, raising the steam injection rate led to increased hydrogen production as steam reforming and gasification of deposited carbon increased. High quality CNTs, as observed from TEM, TPO and Raman spectroscopy, were produced by controlling the steam injection rate. The largest yield for LDPE was obtained at 0 g h -1 steam injection rate, whilst PP and PS gave their largest yields at 0.25 g h -1 . Overall the largest CNT yield was obtained for PS at 0.25 g h -1 , with a conversion rate of plastic to CNTs of 32% wt.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Acomb

2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

165

102

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“…Pol et al used autoclave as reactor to convert waste LDPE and HDPE into CNTs and CSs, which showed high performances in lithium electrochemical cells [19,20]. Our group has put forward a strategy of "combined catalysts", that is, degradation catalyst/carbonization catalyst, including solid acids (such as organically-modified montmorillonite or zeolite)/nickel catalysts [21][22][23][24], halogenated compounds/Ni 2 O 3 [25,26] and activated carbon/Ni 2 O 3 [27] to convert polyolefin into CNTs, cup-stacked CNTs (CS-CNTs), CNFs and CSs [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Generally complex degradation reactions occur during the conversion of mixed waste polyolefin into CNMs, therefore, the conversion of single component polyolefin into CNMs needs to be investigated first. Recently, extensive studies [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] have been conducted to convert virgin or waste polyolefin including polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) with different chain structures (such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), see Scheme 1) into CNMs with varied morphologies, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon spheres (CSs). For example, Wu et al used catalytic gasification to convert waste PP into Scheme 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Striking influence of chain structure of polyethylene on the formation of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers under the combined catalysis of CuBr and NiO

Gong

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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“…Metals such as nickel, iron and cobalt, as well as metallic compounds such as nickel oxides, cobalt acetate, etc., have been used as a catalyst in the literature [93,[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]. Moreover, stainless steels (types 304,316,316L) have been reported as feasible catalysts in CNT synthesis from hydrocarbon carbon donors, such as C2H2, C6H6 and C2H6 [123][124][125][126][127][128] .…”

Section: Previous Work On Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of nano-carbons from different waste plastics and diverse catalysts

Wei¹

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Polymers have important and widespread applications in modern materials due to their excellent formability, chemical stability, light weight and low cost. Their production has increased exponentially over the last 60 years after their introduction to the markets from 1.5 million tons/year in 1950 to 322 million tons per year in 2015. Polymeric materials are often discarded after a single use, and post-consumer waste has become a very serious environmental problem, as it is no-biodegradable. Therefore, different recycling, reuse and, even upcycling methods for waste plastics have been investigated. This research aimed at systematically investigating the influence of the types of stainless steel catalysts and their pretreatment on the formation of nanotubes. The targeted polymer feedstocks were postconsumer polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) as pellets, clippings or powders. The polymers were pyrolyzed in an inert nitrogen atmosphere in an electrically heated furnace kept at 800 °C. Their effluent gases from this furnace, containing the gaseous pyrolyzates of the polymers, were then channeled to a separate electrically-heated furnace, were the catalyst substrates were heated to 800 °C. Therein synthesis of carbon nanotubes took place by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in nitrogen. The catalytic substrates used for the nanoparticle growth were T304, T316, and T316L stainless steel meshes. The substrates were used as received, or pretreated by acid wash and/or heat-treated in air or in nitrogen at 800 °C. The produced nanomaterials were characterized by the use of SEM and TEM.

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Effect of the added amount of organically-modified montmorillonite on the catalytic carbonization of polypropylene into cup-stacked carbon nanotubes

Cited by 69 publications

References 33 publications

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Striking influence of chain structure of polyethylene on the formation of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes/carbon nanofibers under the combined catalysis of CuBr and NiO

Synthesis of nano-carbons from different waste plastics and diverse catalysts

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