“…Many total syntheses of nonanolides have been reported with the stereogenic centres derived from chiral pool starting materials, the majority of which are carbohydrates such as D-mannitol [47,77,78,127], D-glucose [79,81,128,129], D-ribose [61,64,88,130], L-arabinose [103], L-rhamnose, [47] and D-ribonolactone acetonide derivative [65,66]. Other chiral materials are also widely employed in asymmetric syntheses, for example, L-malic acid [97,113,123], Sor R-propylene oxide [46,48,92], the butane diacetal of glycolic acid (BDA) [67,68], and glyceraldehyde derivatives [83,93,113].…”