Effect of the AMP-Kinase Modulators AICAR, Metformin and Compound C on Insulin Secretion of INS-1E Rat Insulinoma Cells under Standard Cell Culture Conditions

Abstract

Background/Aims: The function of β-cells is regulated by nutrient uptake and metabolism. The cells′ metabolic state can be expressed as concentration ratios of AMP, ADP and ATP. Relative changes in these ratios regulate insulin release. An increase in the intracellular ATP concentration causes closure of K_ATP channels and cell membrane depolarization, which triggers stimulus-secretion coupling (SSC). In addition to K_ATP channels, the AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), a major cellular fuel sensor in a variety of cells and tissues, also affects insulin secretion and β-cell survival. In a previous study we found that the widely used AMPK inhibitor compound C retards proliferation and induces apoptosis in the rat β-cell line INS-1E. We therefore tested the effects of AMPK activators (AICAR and metformin), and compound C on AMPK phosphorylation, insulin secretion, K_ATP channel currents, cell membrane potential, intracellular calcium concentration, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of INS-1E cells under standard cell culture conditions (11 mM glucose). Methods: Western blotting, ELISA, patch-clamp, calcium imaging and flow cytometry. Results: We found that basal AMPK phosphorylation is enhanced by AICAR (1 mM) and metformin (1 mM) but remained unaffected by compound C (10 µM). Both AICAR and compound C stimulated basal insulin secretion whereas metformin had no effect. Pre-incubation with AICAR (1 mM) caused an inhibition of K_ATP currents but did not significantly alter the average cell membrane potential (Vm) or the threshold potential of electrical activity. Acute administration of AICAR (300 µM) led to a depolarization of Vm, which was not due to an inhibition of the basal- or glucose-induced chloride conductance, and was not accompanied by elevations of intracellular calcium (Ca_i). AICAR had no additive blocking effect on K_ATP currents when applied together with tolbutamide. Compound C applied over 24 hours induced an increase in the percentage of cells positive for caspase activity, whereas AICAR (1 mM) applied for 48 hours was without effect. Medium glucose concentration <3 mM caused cell cycle arrest, caspase activation and an increase of cell granularity. Conclusion: We conclude that under standard cell culture conditions the AMPK modulators AICAR and compound C, but not metformin, stimulate insulin secretion by AMPK-independent mechanisms.

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“…Insulinoma cells have been used in numerous studies on drugs interfering with signal transduction pathways involved in regulating beta-cell mass, proliferation and apoptosis [19,[44][45][46][47]49]. However, altered secretory responses and cell signaling processes regulating proliferation and apoptosis compared to native beta-cells must be considered.…”

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“…However, metformin also has direct effects on the ␤-cell (275,276,280,336). The current consensus is that metformin, rather than acting as a direct activator of AMPK or its upstream kinase LKB1, functions as a mild, reversible, inhibitor of complex I, and that apparent effects on AMPK are a downstream consequence of restricted mitochondrial activity (35,69,73,145).…”

AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α1 Regulates Cardiac Gap Junction Protein Connexin 43 and Electrical Remodeling Following Pressure Overload

“…Ampk is a powerful regulator of channels, carriers and Na + /K + ATPase [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. The kinase is involved in the regulation of cardiac sodium and potassium channels [11,17].…”