Effect of the closed‐loop hippocampal low‐frequency stimulation on seizure severity, learning, and memory in pilocarpine epilepsy rat model

Abstract

AimsIn this study, the anticonvulsant action of closed‐loop, low‐frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) was investigated. In addition, the changes in brain rhythms and functional connectivity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were evaluated.MethodsEpilepsy was induced by pilocarpine in male Wistar rats. After the chronic phase, a tripolar electrode was implanted in the right ventral hippocampus and a monopolar electrode in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Subjects' spontaneous seizure behaviors were observed in continuous video recording, while the local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded simultaneously. In addition, spatial memory was evaluated by the Barnes maze test.ResultsApplying hippocampal DBS, immediately after seizure detection in epileptic animals, reduced their seizure severity and duration, and improved their performance in Barnes maze test. DBS reduced the increment in power of delta, theta, and gamma waves in pre‐ictal, ictal, and post‐ictal periods. Meanwhile, DBS increased the post‐ictal‐to‐pre‐ictal ratio of theta band. DBS decreased delta and increased theta coherences, and also increased the post‐ictal‐to‐pre‐ictal ratio of coherence. In addition, DBS increased the hippocampal‐mPFC coupling in pre‐ictal period and decreased the coupling in the ictal and post‐ictal periods.ConclusionApplying closed‐loop, low‐frequency DBS at seizure onset reduced seizure severity and improved memory. In addition, the changes in power, coherence, and coupling of the LFP oscillations in the hippocampus and mPFC demonstrate low‐frequency DBS efficacy as an antiepileptic treatment, returning LFPs to a seemingly non‐seizure state in subjects that received DBS.

Photopharmacological activation of adenosine A1receptor signaling suppresses seizures in a mouse model for temporal lobe epilepsy

“…This would allow to modulate A1Rs only when required, avoiding sustained receptor activation which could induce receptor desensitization and reduce efficacy. Photopharmacological modulation could be well-suited for integration with a closed-loop system, where interventions are put under automatic control of a detection system monitoring physiological parameters of interest [56][57][58] . This concept was investigated in our lab in an ex vivo setting 36,37 .…”