Effect of the diet amended with risk elements contaminated soil on risk elements content in tissues and hematological parameters of rats

Abstract

Penetration of rat organisms by risk elements (As, Cd, Pb) originated from differently contaminated soils as well as interactions between the risk elements and selected essential macro-and microelements were investigated. Rat diet contained 10% of individual soils (based on dry weight) which were: (i) Fluvisol heavily polluted by As, Cd, Zn, and Pb, (ii) Luvisol contaminated by As, Cd, and Zn, and (iii) uncontaminated Chernozem. Male Wistar rats used for the experiment were housed in cages in a room with controlled temperature for 60 days and fed ad libitum on the mentioned diet. The levels of both risk and essential elements were measured in liver, kidney, and bones of the animals and main biochemical parameters were determined to assess potential toxic effect of the soil-derived risk elements. Alternatively, in vitro Physiologically Based Bioavailability Test (PBET) was used for evaluation of the bioaccessible pool of elements in the soil-amended diets. The element contents in the rat tissues reflected the risk element contents in the contaminated soils. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the risk elements decreased in the order Cd > As > Pb and were influenced by the soil physicochemical parameters. Significant changes in essential elements (Cu, Fe, Mg, P) deposition in rat tissues attended the high levels of the risk elements. Total leukocyte count in the blood of the rats fed the heavy polluted soil indicated adverse effect of soil-derived risk elements on biochemical parameters of the animals.

The influence of sex, age and season on the haematological profile of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in Central Europe

“…There are many possible causes for an increased number of leucocytes such as bacterial infection, nutritional reasons -e.g., forage from industrial contaminated sites (Szakova et al 2012). The most common cause, also suspected in our case, would be as a result of a stress response.…”

Long-term effect of diet amended by risk elements contaminated soils on risk element penetration and physiological parameters of rats

“…Woods and Fowler (1977) and Bhadauria and Flora (2007) investigated the impact of mammal chronic exposition to arsenic where the adverse effect on the heme biosynthesis in liver was observed. The effect of risk elements on rat biochemical characteristics was reported in our previous investigation especially in the case of white blood cells (Szakova et al 2012). Comparably, Castro et al (2009) described the effect of arsenic on lymphocyte count and functions where low arsenic concentrations increased the number of T-lymphocytes whereas increasing As uptake decreased.…”

“…The effect of the contaminated soil addition on total element contents in the experimental diets as well as the bioavailability of individual elements determined as the element portion extractable with simulated gastric and pancreatic solution (Ruby et al 1996) was discussed in detail in our previous paper (Szakova et al 2012). We can summarize TOC = total organic carbon content, CEC = cation exchange capacity, soil L = Fluvisol, soil K = Luvisol, soil S = uncontaminated Chernozem that the relatively high contents of As, Cd, and Pb in the soils K and L resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) increased contents of these elements in the amended diets (Table 1).…”

“…Karadas and Kara (2011) also mentioned potential risk of soil ingestion in the vicinity of zinc, lead, and manganese mines. However, the potential risk of the ingestion of soil-derived risk elements depends on individual mining areas and element levels in the soils in the vicinity of the mine and also on bioavailability of individual elements in the soils (Noble et al 2010;Szakova et al 2012). As already mentioned in our previous work, the inhabitants living in element contaminated area are long-term exposed to the contaminated soil and the impact of risk elements should be evaluated also from biochemical, physiological, and hematological point of view (Amaral et al 2007).…”

“…According to the results of the mentioned studies and our expertize, the following hypotheses were set up: (i) the risk elements contained in the contaminated soils can affect the whole rat organism in dependence on gender and exposition length, (ii) the exposure of the rat organisms to the soil amended diet can result in the imbalance of essential elements in animal organisms in accordance with gender and exposition time. This experiment follows up our previous experiment (Szakova et al 2012) where the potential impact of soil ingestion for 60 days on element accumulation and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) was studied. In this experiment, the response of male and female organism as well as two following generations of animals on the element uptake from the contaminated soil was investigated.…”