Cocaine exposure induces long-lasting molecular and structural adaptations in the brain. In this study, we show that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), an extracellular protease involved in neuronal plasticity, modulates the biochemical and behavioral response to cocaine. When injected in the acute binge paradigm, cocaine enhanced tPA activity in the amygdala, which required activation of corticotropin-releasing factor type-1 (CRF-R1) receptors. Compared with WT mice, tPA؊/؊ mice injected with cocaine displayed attenuated phosphorylation of ERK, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and blunted induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) c-Fos, Egr-1, and Homer 1a in the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). tPA؊/؊ mice also displayed significantly higher basal preprodynorphin (ppDyn) mRNA levels in the NAc in comparison to WT mice, and cocaine decreased ppDyn mRNA levels in tPA؊/؊ mice only. Cocaineinduced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP) were attenuated in tPA؊/؊ mice. Cocaine exposure also had an anxiolytic effect in tPA؊/؊ but not WT mice. These results identify tPA as an important and novel component of the signaling pathway that modulates cocaine-induced changes in neuroadaptation and behavior.behavioral sensitization ͉ conditioned place preference ͉ corticotropin releasing factor ͉ neuronal signaling ͉ plasminogen activator inhibitor C ocaine is one of the most widely abused drugs in the United States, and there are currently no effective pharmacotherapies for cocaine addiction (1). The rewarding and reinforcing properties of cocaine correlate with its ability to inhibit reuptake and consequently increase synaptic concentrations of dopamine (DA). Cocaine induces complex molecular changes in discrete brain regions, leading to altered gene expression and changes in neuronal structure and function. Such drug-induced alterations in neuronal circuitry are associated with the development of addiction (1, 2). The mesolimbic DAergic system is thought to be the primary target for cocaine-induced molecular and behavioral adaptations in the brain (1). In addition, the dynorphin (Dyn)/ kappa opioid receptor (KOP-r) system, which is highly expressed in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), has been implicated in regulating the behavioral effects of cocaine by playing a homeostatic role that opposes alterations in brain function and behavior that result from cocaine exposure (3-5). Further, acute pretreatment with KOP-r agonists is effective in decreasing mesoaccumbal DA neurotransmission and cocaine reward (3, 4).The serine protease tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is released from neurons upon excitation and facilitates synaptic plasticity (6), is an attractive candidate for mediating some of cocaine's effects on neuronal plasticity. tPA is expressed in brain regions implicated in drug reward, including the NAc and amygdala, and is thought to regulate proteolytic events involved in neurite outgrowth and long-term...