Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance of intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running in a hot environment

Sunderland, Caroline; Nevill, Mary E.

doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0722-1

Cited by 48 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Investigations into muscle contractile strength during the cycle have produced conflicting results, however, when methodological shortcomings are addressed it appears that fluctuations in female steroid hormones do not affect muscle strength and fatigability [73]. Limited soccer-specific research exists but one study showed no performance differences in high-intensity intermittent shuttle running throughout the menstrual cycle [91], although differences in core temperature were not found in this study which may explain these findings. At present there are a number of conflicting reports within the literature, methodological concerns and a lack of specificity to team sports, specifically soccer activity.…”

Section: 1)contrasting

confidence: 61%

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

et al. 2014

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The popularity and professionalism of female soccer has increased markedly in recent years, with elite players now employed on either a professional or semi-professional basis. The previous review of the physiological demands of female soccer was undertaken two decades ago when the sport was in its relative infancy. Increased research coupled with greater training and competition demands warrants an updated review to consider the effect on physical performance and injury patterns.The physical demands of match-play along with the influence of factors such as the standard of competition, playing position and fatigue have been explored. Total distance covered for elite female players is approximately 10 km, with 1.7 km completed at high-speed (>18 km.h -1 ). Elite players complete 28% more high-speed running and 24% more sprinting than moderate level players. Decrements in high-speed running distance have been reported between and within halves, which may indicate an inability to maintain highintensity activity. Although physical capacity of female players is the most thoroughly researched area comparisons are difficult due to differing protocols. Elite players exhibit maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values of 49.4 -57.6 ml.kg -1 .min -1 , Yo Yo Intermittent Endurance test level 2 (YYIE2) scores of 1774 ± 532 m (mean ± SD) and 20 m sprint times of 3.17 ± 0.03 s (mean ± SD). Reasons for the increased prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in females (2-6 times greater than males) are discussed with anatomical, biomechanical loading and neuromuscular activation differences being cited in the literature. This review presents an in-depth contemporary examination of the applied physiology of the female soccer player.Applied Physiology of Female Soccer 2 1) Introduction The last review of the physiological demands of female soccer was undertaken two decades ago [1] . At the time of that review, women's soccer was in its relative infancy with the inaugural Women's World Cup having taken place in 1991. The popularity of women's soccer has increased markedly in recent years with 29 million participants recorded in 2011, an increase of 34% from 2000 [2]. The 2015 Women's World Cup will have 24 participating nations, an increase of eight from the previous tournament.Since the previous review, increasing attention in the scientific literature has focused on women's soccer with over two thousand scientific articles published. There has been a drive towards professionalism in the sport with players at the highest level now employed on a professional or semi-professional basis. Current elite players are exposed to greater training volumes and competition demands than ever before, consequently these increased physical demands may have implications for both physical performance levels and injury patterns. Inline with these changes, advances in technology available for monitoring athletes has led to greater opportunities to scientifically support players and thus information regarding the modern elite female player...

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Section: 1)contrasting

confidence: 61%

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

et al. 2014

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“…Two other studies have examined intermittent activity (Lynch and Nimmo 1998;Sunderland and Nevill 2003). Unlike the present study, neither found a significant difference in performance between menstrual phases.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 83%

“…al 2001). Sunderland and Nevill (2003), required participants to complete 20 m intervals of varying speed for repeats of 15 min until exhaustion. Although some of the intervals were maximal sprints, others were walk, jog ($55%), or cruising $ 95% _ V O 2 max À Á speed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lynch and Nimmo (1998) used intervals of progressive intensity, which is not a valid simulation of game sport. The primary purpose of the Sunderland and Nevill (2003) study was to monitor the ability of the participants to cope with heat in the (late-luteal) (LP) and the mid-follicular phases (FP) and used intervals of varying intensities, maximal sprints, cruising ($95% _ V O 2 max), jogging ($55% _ V O 2 max), and walking. However, they did not monitor the performance in each interval.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of menstrual phase on performance and recovery in intense intermittent activity

Middleton

Wenger

2005

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Game sport and training require repeated high intensity bursts. This study examined differences between high intensity, intermittent work in two phases of the menstrual cycle. Six physically active young women (age 19-29) performed 10 6-s sprints on a cycle ergometer in both the mid-follicular (FP) (days 6-10) and late-luteal phases (LP) (days 20-24) of the menstrual cycle. Work, power, oxygen intake (VO2) parameters, and capillarized blood lactate were measured. Data are analyzed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon matched pairs tests. There was no difference between menstrual phases in peak 6-s power (6.8(0.6) W kg(-1) in FP, 6.9(0.6) W kg(-1) in LP), the drop off in work (1.2(3.5) J kg(-1) in FP and 1.0(2.7) J kg(-1) in LP), or in the sprint VO2 (23.7(1.5) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in LP and 24.3(2.4) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in FP). Capillarized blood lactate was also similar in both phases of the menstrual cycle both at 1 min (9.2(2.7) mmol L(-1) in FP, 9.2(3.1) mmol L(-1)) and at 3 min (9.0(2.2) mmol L(-1) in FP, 9.2(2.2) mmol L(-1) in LP). However, the average 6-s work was greater in the LP (39.3(3.4) J kg(-1)) than during the FP (38.3(3.1) J kg(-1)) (P=0.023). The recovery VO2 was also greater in the LP than the FP (26.3(2.4) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in LP, 25.0(2.6) mL kg(-1) min(-1) in FP, P=0.023). Average work over a series of sprints and the VO2 consumed between sprints may be slightly greater during the LP than the FP of the menstrual cycle.

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“…In particular, recent studies are finding that the physiological variables velocity at V _ O 2max (vV _ O 2max ) and peak treadmill velocity (PTV) may be more highly predictive of endurance running performance than variables such as V _ O 2 max and blood lactate (Billat et al 2003;Noakes et al 1990). However, many studies have focused solely on the physiological variables of V _ O 2max , blood lactate and submaximal and maximal heart rate (Giacomoni et al 2000;Marsh and Jenkins 2002;Sunderland and Nevill 2003). No one study has as yet focused on these more recent variables suggested to be important predictors of performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Velocity at V?O2 max and peak treadmill velocity are not influenced within or across the phases of the menstrual cycle

Burrows

Bird

2004

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Velocity at VO(2 max) (vV(.)O(2 max)) and peak treadmill velocity (PTV) are variables highly predictive of endurance performance. However, how these variables are affected by the menstrual cycle is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the menstrual cycle on vV(.)O(2 max) and PTV. Ten, female runners were studied across three menstrual cycles. Training, menstrual history and mood states were assessed for 2 months, with daily salivary samples taken to detect menstrual phases. During the third menstrual cycle, participants completed a maximal test to determine V(.)O(2 max), vV(.)O(2 max) and PTV in the early follicular phase, late follicular phase, early luteal phase, late luteal phase and menses. Progesterone increased at the onset of the luteal phase [mean (SEM); 490 (73.6) pmol l(-1)] compared to the follicular phase [344.6 (59.7) pmol l(-1)). No significant differences in the psychological mood states between the phases of the menstrual cycle were found (P>0.05). No significant differences in vV(.)O(2 max) (P=0.611), or PTV (P=0.472) were found between the phases of the menstrual cycle. Thus, vV(.)O(2 max) and PTV are not affected by the monthly menstrual cycle in female endurance runners.

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Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance of intermittent, high-intensity shuttle running in a hot environment

Abstract: The present study examined the impact of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use on performance of high intensity intermittent running in the

Cited by 48 publications

References 32 publications

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

Applied Physiology of Female Soccer: An Update

Effects of menstrual phase on performance and recovery in intense intermittent activity

Velocity at V?O2 max and peak treadmill velocity are not influenced within or across the phases of the menstrual cycle

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