Effect of the plant probiotic bacteria on terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis pathway gene expression profiling, vinblastine and vincristine content in the root of Catharanthus roseus

Microbial fortification of pharmacological metabolites in medicinal plants

“…R-71838 Roots Lithospermum officinale L. [79] , [80] Alkaloids Matrine and Oxymatrine Actinobacteria phylum Roots Sophora flavescens [86] * Aconitine Brevundimonas (bacteria) Cladosporium (fungus) Roots Aconitum vilmorinianum Komarov [87] * Pyrroloquizoline alkaloids Azotobacter chroococcum Pseudomonas putida Roots Adhatoda vasica Nees [89] Vinblastine and vincristine Pseudomonas fluorescens 169 Azospirillum brasilense Ab-101 Roots Catharanthus roseus L . [90] …”

“…Microbe-enhanced alkaloid accumulation in medicinal plants were recently observed in Adhatoda vasica Nees , which is used in the treatments of chronic bronchitis and diarrhea, among other diseases [89] , and in Catharanthus roseus L. that is the sole resource of vinblastine and vincristine, two alkaloids with powerful anticancer activities [90] . By using hairy root developed from the cut edges of A. vasica leaf discs, multiple Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas putida strains were shown to increase the accumulation of pyrroloquizoline alkaloids, including vasicine, vasicinone, vasicine acetate, 2-acetyl benzyl amine, vasicinolone, deoxyvasicine and vasicol [89] , which are the most bioactive phytochemicals in A. vasica with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities [91] .…”

“…The bacteria-enhanced production of pyrroloquizoline alkaloids was attributed to the increased activity of anthranilate synthase [89] , which functions as a rate-limiting factor for the biosynthesis of pyrroloquinazoline alkaloids [92] . In C. roseus plants, treatments with either P. fluorescens strains 169 or A. brasilense strains Ab-101 increased the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of vinblastine and vincristine, resulting in significant increases in the contents of these two terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) [90] . Interestingly, the TIA biosynthesis pathway in C. roseus was shown to be induced by SA, methyl-JA, and ethylene [93] , [94] , which are phytohormones known to mediate plant responses to microbes.…”