“…Thus, heterogeneous catalysts, including alkali metal oxides, hydrotalcites, ionic liquids, alkali metal salts, and lipase, were developed as the alternative of homogeneous catalysts [11,12]. In recent years, waste-derived materials have attracted more and more attention because of the negligible cost of feedstock [13] Some industrial waste, agricultural waste, and municipal waste have been used as the feedstock to prepare catalyst, which showed similar catalytic performance as the catalysts prepared from the pure chemicals [14,15].…”