Effect of the Presence of Antibiotic Residues on the Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance in Fresh Goat Meat

Abstract

A total of 11 fresh goat legs were collected at the retail level. Mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes counts were determined. Nine samples were free of antibiotic residues, while in the other two samples the presence of sulfadiazine and doxycycline was detected. The antimicrobial resistance of E. coli, staphylococci, Macrococcus spp., and enterococci isolates was also evaluated. Clostridium perfringens was found in two samples. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected in one sample. S. epidermidis isolated from one sample containing doxycycline residues showed resistance to mupirocin. Moreover, multi-resistant S. epidermidis and M. caseolyticus were found. Most of the isolated Enterococcus faecium were multi-resistant. Neither extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing E. coli nor vancomycin-resistant enterococci were detected in any sample. The presence of doxycycline or sulfadiazine could affect the goat meat microbiota since less microbial diversity was found in these samples compared to those free of antibiotics. The presence of antibiotic residues could increase the antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in fresh goat meat. The presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in goat meat could be considered a potential threat and should be monitored. Special measures should be taken at the farm level and during slaughter to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fresh Rabbit Meat with Special Reference to Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and ESBL-Producing E. coli

“…Rabbit meat samples were brought to university facilities in refrigerated conditions and analysed within two hours. For analysis, 10 g from the legs was aseptically taken and homogenized, as described by Silva et al [ 43 ]. The following analyses were conducted: mesophiles, staphylococci Enterobacterales , Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria spp., as described by Silva et al [ 43 ].…”

“…For analysis, 10 g from the legs was aseptically taken and homogenized, as described by Silva et al [ 43 ]. The following analyses were conducted: mesophiles, staphylococci Enterobacterales , Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria spp., as described by Silva et al [ 43 ]. Also, the analysis of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and ESBL-producing E. coli was performed as described by Silva et al [ 43 ].…”

“…The following analyses were conducted: mesophiles, staphylococci Enterobacterales , Pseudomonas spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria spp., as described by Silva et al [ 43 ]. Also, the analysis of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and ESBL-producing E. coli was performed as described by Silva et al [ 43 ]. Table 9 shows the conditions used for the microbiological determinations.…”

“…The presence of Campylobacter spp. and L. monocytogenes in rabbit meat samples was determined as described by Da Silva et al [ 43 ].…”

“…The resistance of E. coli strains was evaluated against 35 antibiotics employing the disk-diffusion technique on Mueller–Hinton agar, and the concentrations have been previously described [ 43 ]. The antimicrobials were: ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, cefpodoxime, cefepime, aztreonam, cefotaxime, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin-surbactam, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, piperacillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, tetracycline, minocycline, doxycycline, tigecycline, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gatifloxacin, nalidixic acid, amikacin, gentamicin kanamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and nitrofurantoin.…”