Effect of the Seasonal Climatic Variations on the Accumulation of Fruit Volatiles in Four Grape Varieties Under the Double Cropping System

Abstract

The double cropping system has been widely applied in many subtropical viticultural regions. In the 2-year study of 2014–2015, four grape varieties were selected to analyze their fruit volatile compounds in four consecutive seasons in the Guangxi region of South China, which had a typical subtropical humid monsoon climate. Results showed that berries of winter seasons had higher concentrations of terpenes, norisoprenoids, and C6/C9 compounds in “Riesling,” “Victoria,” and “Muscat Hamburg” grapes in both of the two vintages. However, in the “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapes, only the berries of the 2014 winter season had higher terpene concentrations, but lower norisoprenoid concentrations than those of the corresponding summer season. The Pearson correlation analysis showed the high temperature was the main climate factor that affected volatile compounds between the summer and winter seasons. Hexanal, γ-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, cis-furan linalool oxide, and trans-pyran linalool oxide were all negatively correlated with the high-temperature hours in all of the four varieties. Transcriptome analysis showed that the upregulated VviDXSs, VviPSYs, and VviCCDs expressions might contribute to the accumulations of terpenes or norisoprenoids in the winter berries of these varieties. Our results provided insights into how climate parameters affected grape volatiles under the double cropping system, which might improve the understanding of the grape berries in response to the climate changes accompanied by extreme weather conditions in the future.

Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of Green Leaf Volatiles and Aroma in Six<em> Vitis vinifera</em> L. Cultivars during Berry Maturation in the Chinese Loess Plateau Region

“…The C6 aldehyde levels in the six grape types at harvest in 2020 varied between 174.93 and 469.86 μg/L. In line with our results, Lu et al [26] found C6 aldehyde concentrations were different in summer and winter, suggesting that the yearly variation in C6 aldehyde leves in grapes might be due to seasonal weather differences, necessitating additional research.…”

“…Except for those of Chardonnay and Cabernet Franc, the total C6 alcohol and acetate contents of the 2020 grapes were significantly lower than those of the 2019 harvest, which was possibly related to climate differences. A warmer climate facilitates the transformation of free C6 aldehydes into C6 alcohols, which generally have higher herbaceous odour thresholds (negative aroma) than the corresponding aldehydes [26]. Additionally, alcohols are more likely to form esters, thereby minimizing the herbaceous characteristics of aldehydes and maximizing the fruity characteristics of esters [25].…”

Reducing the source/sink ratio of grapevine to face global warming in a semi-arid climate: Effects on volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines

“…However, Meng et al (2020) found that the high temperature (37 °C) repressed the activity of the VvCCD4b promoter. In a previous study reported by our research team ( Lu et al, 2022a ), the Muscat Hamburg and Victoria grapes had a lower norisoprenoid concentration in the summer season characterized by high temperature under the double cropping system. However, the opposite result was found in the Cabernet Sauvignon grapes that the winter season berries had a higher norisoprenoid concentration than the summer season berries.…”

Advances in detecting fruit aroma compounds by combining chromatography and spectrometry

“…Moreover, low temperatures during winter induced the upregulation of the genes VviDXSs, VviPSYs, and VviCCDs, which contribute to the accumulation of terpenes and norisoprenoids in winter berries. 55 Illumination Light conditions have a significant effect on volatile compounds in fruits. Different colors of light have different effects on aroma compounds, resulting in significant differences in fruit aroma.…”

“…For example, the levels of hexanal, γ ‐terpinene, terpinol‐4‐ol, cis ‐furan linalool oxide, and trans ‐pyran linalool oxide in grapes were negatively correlated with time exposed to high temperatures. Moreover, low temperatures during winter induced the upregulation of the genes VviDXS s, VviPSY s, and VviCCD s, which contribute to the accumulation of terpenes and norisoprenoids in winter berries 55 …”