Effect of the spacer length on the association and adsorption behavior of dissymmetric gemini surfactants

Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of novel anionic heterogemini surfactants containing a phosphate headgroup

“…In recent years, a new type of gemini surfactants called ''heterogemini surfactants" has been designed and synthesized [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Dissymmetric heterogemini surfactants are classified with three groups: (i) dissymmetric hydrophobic chains with symmetric headgroups [11][12][13][14][15][16]; (ii) symmetric hydrophobic chains with dissymmetric (e.g., anionic, cationic and nonionic) headgroups [8,9]; and (iii) dissymmetric hydrophobic chains with dissymmetric headgroups [6].…”

Biodegradable gemini surfactants. Correlation of area per surfactant molecule with surfactant structure

“…The area A decreases in the following order A(para) > A(meta) > A(ortho) where the argument in parentheses represents the phenyl bonding to the spacer CH 2 groups [8]. Surface measurements of gemini bisammonium surfactants having unequal length of hydrophobic chains (dissymmetric surfactants) indicate that the most dense packing of surfactant molecules at the air-water interface occurs for the surfactants with the symmetrical alkyl chains or of the comparable length [9,10]. The area per surfactant molecule values of dissymmetric zwitterionic gemini surfactants C x -PO − 4 -(CH 2 ) 2 -N + (CH 3 ) 2 -C y were found to be small (0.2-0.3 nm 2 ) which may reflect some kind of aggregation of molecules at the interface [11].…”

Conductometric and Spectrofluorimetric Studies of Cationic Gemini Surfactant in Aqueous Solutions

“…The potential applications of gemini surfactants are in detergents, cosmetics, chemical industry, biological and biomedical fields [6]. Constantly growing interest in the investigation and synthesis of novel dimeric surfactants is a consequence of their superior properties in comparison to conventional surfactants [7]. They are usually much more efficient than the corresponding monomeric surfactants.…”