Effect of the specimen dimensions and the test speed on the fracture toughness of iPP by the essential work of fracture (EWF) method

Maspoch, M. Ll.; Ferrer, D.; Gordillo, Antonio; Santana, Oliverio J.; Martínez, Alejandro Rosillo

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990711)73:2<177::aid-app5>3.0.co;2-#

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…This observation is in agreement with the previous studies by other workers on a wide range of amorphous and semicrystalline polymeric systems [e.g., refs. 13,22–28]. The essential work of fracture results from Figure 7 are summarized in Table I.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improvement in protection against adenocarcinoma of the cervix resulting from participation in cervical screening

Mitchell

Hocking

Saville

2003

Cancer

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This article presents a fleet‐wide model for energy planning that can be used to determine the optimal structure necessary to meet a given CO2 reduction target while maintaining or enhancing power to the grid. The model incorporates power generation as well as CO2 emissions from a fleet of generating stations (hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind). The model is formulated as a mixed integer program and is used to optimize an existing fleet as well as recommend new additional generating stations, carbon capture and storage, and retrofit actions to meet a CO2 reduction target and electricity demand at a minimum overall cost. The model was applied to the energy supply system operated by Ontario power generation (OPG) for the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2002, OPG operated 79 electricity generating stations; 5 are fueled with coal (with a total of 23 boilers), 1 by natural gas (4 boilers), 3 nuclear, 69 hydroelectric and 1 wind turbine generating a total of 115.8 TWh. No CO2 capture process existed at any OPG power plant; about 36.7 million tonnes of CO2 was emitted in 2002, mainly from fossil fuel power plants. Four electricity demand scenarios were considered over a span of 10 years and for each case the size of new power generation capacity with and without capture was obtained. Six supplemental electricity generating technologies have been allowed for: subcritical pulverized coal‐fired (PC), PC with carbon capture (PC+CCS), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IGCC with carbon capture (IGCC+CCS), natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), and NGCC with carbon capture (NGCC+CCS). The optimization results showed that fuel balancing alone can contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions by only 3% and a slight, 1.6%, reduction in the cost of electricity compared to a calculated base case. It was found that a 20% CO2 reduction at current electricity demand could be achieved by implementing fuel balancing and switching 8 out of 23 coal‐fired boilers to natural gas. However, as demand increases, more coal‐fired boilers needed to be switched to natural gas as well as the building of new NGCC and NGCC+CCS for replacing the aging coal‐fired power plants. To achieve a 40% CO2 reduction at 1.0% demand growth rate, four new plants (2 NGCC, 2 NGCC+CCS) as well as carbon capture processes needed to be built. If greater than 60% CO2 reductions are required, NGCC, NGCC+CCS, and IGCC+CCS power plants needed to be put online in addition to carbon capture processes on coal‐fired power plants. The volatility of natural gas prices was found to have a significant impact on the optimal CO2 mitigation strategy and on the cost of electricity generation. Increasing the natural gas prices resulted in early aggressive CO2 mitigation strategies especially at higher growth rate demands. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to its experimental simplicity, this idea has now been widely acclaimed to characterize the fracture toughness of ductile and tough polymers (e.g., refs. 12–28). According to this theory,29 the region ahead of the sharp notch can be divided into two zones: the fracture process zone, and the plastic zone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in protection against adenocarcinoma of the cervix resulting from participation in cervical screening

Mitchell

Hocking

Saville

2003

Cancer

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“…[17][18][19][20] The influencing factors of the EWF methods and its fracture behaviours characterisation of polymer, mainly come from the geometry, 21,22 dimensions of samples, 23,24 testing conditions 23,25,26 and materials structures. [27][28][29][30][31] At present, polymer films studied by EWF method mainly consists of several rigid polymer films, such as PVC, 32,33 PC, 34 HIPS, 35 PBT, 36 PET, 37 PEEK 38 films and the films used were mainly extrusion cast film or compression moulded film, while the most widely used extrusion blown films were not involved to the best of the authors' knowledge.…”

Section: Fracture Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structures and properties of blown moulding LLDPE films

Yang¹,

Shan²,

Tang³

et al. 2006

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

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The crystalline structures, mechanical properties, transparence and fracture behaviours of linear low density polyethylene blown moulding films with nucleating agents incorporated in were investigated. The results indicated that with the nucleating agents used, the melting temperature T m , crystalline structures, general profile of the stress-strain curves, tensile yield strength s y and essential work of fracture parameters before yield of the films, were almost unchanged, while the strain hardening phenomenon, tensile fracture strength s b , elongation at break e b , transparence and fracture parameters w e and bw p were enhanced greatly. As the loading content of nucleating agent increasing, the crystallinity first decreased and then increased rapidly; the strain hardening phenomenon e b and s b increased to a maximum and then decrease to a stable value, while the T m and s y were also unchanged; the haze decreased first and then reached a stable value; the w e and w e,y decreased remarkably first and then rapidly increased, even enormously exceeding the w e of pure linear low density polyethylene, while bw p and b y w p,y increased to a quite high value first and then dropped to a lower level.

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“…One important aspect in the EWF application is the test rate. Over the years, several researchers have analyzed the effect of the test rate on different types of polymers using DDEN‐T specimens . All of the researchers have reached a common conclusion which is that the test rate does not affect the specific EWF, but it does affect the specific plastic work of fracture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the effect of the test rate on polymer essential work of fracture parameters for the small punch test

Cuesta¹,

Alegre²

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In recent decades, one of the non-standard tests that has been consolidated as a viable alternative in those cases where there is not sufficient material to carry out standard tests is the small punch test. This test basically consists of deforming a miniature specimen using a high strength punch. It is possible for this miniature specimen to have an initial pre-notch with the aim of improving the fracture behavior estimation of the material analyzed. Recently, to characterize the fracture properties of polymer sheets under plane stress conditions, there has been an attempt to establish the feasibility of applying the essential work of fracture (EWF) method in polymer pre-notched miniature specimens. This article intends to go one step beyond and focuses on the test rate, which is an important aspect in the EWF application. Its effect on the EWF parameters in polymer pre-notched miniature specimens has been analyzed and its correlation has been established with the results obtained from standard specimens. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43314.

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Effect of the specimen dimensions and the test speed on the fracture toughness of iPP by the essential work of fracture (EWF) method

Cited by 46 publications

References 18 publications

Improvement in protection against adenocarcinoma of the cervix resulting from participation in cervical screening

Improvement in protection against adenocarcinoma of the cervix resulting from participation in cervical screening

Structures and properties of blown moulding LLDPE films

Analysis of the effect of the test rate on polymer essential work of fracture parameters for the small punch test

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