Effect of the total replacement of fishmeal with plant proteins and supplemental essential amino acids in the extruded diet on antioxidants genes, enzyme activities, and immune response in juvenile blunt snout bream

Immunological Responses and the Antioxidant Status in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Following Replacement of Dietary Fish Meal with Plant Protein

“…This breaks the dynamics of free radical production and removal in fish, which could be linked to undegraded anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in PP sources [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. On the contrary, some studies have shown increased antioxidant activity in fish fed diet with FM substituted with a PP source [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ], which they attributed to the presence of phenolic [ 76 ] and flavonoid [ 81 ] compounds in the plant constituents. These compounds could be stimulators increasing the antioxidant activity.…”

“…We believe that the different approaches to overcoming these two key issues caused the discrepancies in the findings on the impact of using PP on fish immunity, in addition to several other factors. Among the other factors, those that involve nutritional requirements include fish species, body size, feed ingredients other than PP, differences between fish species in handling and digesting various nutrients, and differences in environmental factors [ 42 , 80 , 95 , 96 ].…”

“…In the present study, the PACAP level was significantly higher in the R33.5 group, but there was no substantial difference between the other groups relative to R0. Mokrani et al [ 80 ] indicated that dietary PP did not cause inflammation in blunt snout bream hepatopancreas and recorded a significant decrease in expression levels of interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- k B) in FM-reduced groups. On the other hand, several intestinal transcriptomes of immune-related genes were upregulated in Salmo salar when they consumed a diet containing FM substituted with 20% SBM [ 102 , 103 ].…”

The immune‐enhancing potential of peptide fractions from fermented Spirulina platensis by mixed probiotics

“…Especially the proportion of essential amino acids to total in L‐PFS reached 45.50%, which is significantly higher than that of the other two groups. Previous studies verified that most of the essential amino acids possess the immune‐enhancing property (Mokrani et al., 2020; Pakula, Maier, & Vorup‐Jensen, 2017), and the essential amino acids may contribute to the immune function of L‐PFS. To date, among all the peptide fractions obtained, the following fragments have vigorous immunoregulatory activities: Gly‐Leu‐Phe, Val‐Glu‐Pro‐Ile‐Pro‐Tyr, Pro‐Gly‐Pro‐Ile‐Pro‐Asn, Gln‐Arg‐Pro‐Arg (Gill, Doull, Rutherfurd, & Cross, 2000; Parker et al., 2010), Thr‐Lys‐Pro‐Arg (Bashi et al., 2016), Asn‐Gly‐Met‐Thr‐Tyr, and Asn‐Gly‐Leu‐Ala‐Pro (Hu et al., 2012).…”

Alternative Proteins for Fish Diets: Implications beyond Growth

“…Moreover, the total replacement of fishmeal by soybean and canola meal in the diet of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) juveniles, supplemented or not with lysine, methionine, and threonine, showed that the addition of these amino acids was able to modulate fish antioxidative status. The amino acid supplementation up-regulated Nrf2 (nuclearfactor erythroid 2-related factor 2), an important transcription factor that can induce the transcription of endogenous antioxidant enzyme genes, as well as the endogenous antioxidant GPX expression [235]. Another important amino acid that is crucial for supporting redox homeostasis in the animal's cell is taurine.…”