“…The thermal damage is a consequence of the combined effects of mineral particle expansion and contraction, heating and water cooling, and thermophysical-chemical transformations. Scholars have conducted extensive research on the physical and mechanical properties of high-temperature rocks following rapid cooling, with a primary focus on permeability [20,21], porosity [22], drillability [23], surface roughness [24], acoustic emission characteristics [25], as well as the tensile and compressive properties of rocks after heating and water cooling [26][27][28]. Compared to natural cooling, heating and water cooling inflicts more severe damage to rocks [29,30], and the response of different rock types to heating and cooling treatments varies [14,31,32].…”