Effect of thermally grown oxides on colour development of stainless steel

Higginson, R.L.; Jackson, Charles P.; Murrell, E.L.; Exworthy, P.A.Z.; Mortimer, Roger J.; Worrall, David R.; Wilcox, G.D.

doi:10.1179/0960340914z.00000000083

Cited by 28 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We heated a number of samples in air and studied their oxide layer. When heated between 200 and 600 °C, the color of the stainless steel surface changed due to the light interference from the oxides of different thicknesses consistent with reference [31].  c of the heat treated samples were measured at 77 K under 25 MPa pressure.…”

Section: Surface Oxides On Stainless Steel Co-wind Tapesupporting

confidence: 66%

Contact resistivity due to oxide layers between two REBCO tapes

Lü

Xin

Lochner

et al. 2020

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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In a no-insulation (NI) REBCO magnet, the turn-to-turn contact resistivity ( c ) determines its quench selfprotection capability, charging delay time and the energy loss during field ramps. Therefore it is critically important to be able to control a range of  c values suitable for various NI magnet coils. We used a commercial oxidizing agent Ebonol  C to treat the copper surface of REBCO tapes. The copper oxide layer was characterized by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The oxide layer formed in Ebonol  C at 98 °C for 1 min is Cu 2 O of about 0.5 m. The  c between two oxidized REBCO is in the order of 35 m-cm 2 at 4.2 K which decreases slowly with contact pressure cycles. The  c increases but only slightly at 77 K. We also investigated the effect of oxidation of stainless steel co-wind tape on  c . The native oxides on 316 stainless steel tape as well as those heated in air at 200 -600 °C were examined by TEM and XPS. The native oxides layer is about 3 nm thick. After heating at 300 °C for 8 min and 600 °C for 1 min, its thickness increases to about 10 and 30 nm respectively.For the stainless steel tapes with about 10 nm surface oxides, pressure cycling for 30,000 cycles decreases  c by almost 4 orders of magnitude. Whereas at 77 K, it only changes slightly. For a surface with 30 nm oxide, the  c decreases moderately with load cycles. The results suggest that for an oxidized stainless steel to achieve stable  c over large number of load cycles a relatively thick oxide film is needed.

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Section: Surface Oxides On Stainless Steel Co-wind Tapesupporting

confidence: 66%

Contact resistivity due to oxide layers between two REBCO tapes

Lü

Xin

Lochner

et al. 2020

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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“…Overall, despite the rough surface of the microwires, these findings confirm existing knowledge on the nanostructure of naturally grown oxide layers on the surface of various types of steel (Isao et al ., ; Terachi et al ., ; Ziemniak et al ., ; Higginson et al ., ). The quantification of the type of oxides and their ratios using EELS provides more detail than most other techniques and especially for microwires used as strengthening component in metal‐polymer composites, these details are essential for understanding the bonding with the matrix material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano‐oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre

Ramachandran

Egoavil

Crabbé

et al. 2016

Journal of Microscopy

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The chemical composition, nanostructure and electronic structure of nanosized oxide scales naturally formed on the surface of AISI 316L stainless steel microfibres used for strengthening of composite materials have been characterised using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray, electron energy loss and Auger spectroscopy. The analysis reveals the presence of three sublayers within the total surface oxide scale of 5.0-6.7 nm thick: an outer oxide layer rich in a mixture of FeO.Fe O , an intermediate layer rich in Cr O with a mixture of FeO.Fe O and an inner oxide layer rich in nickel.

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“…[ 1–4 ] However, colored oxide films on the surface of ferritic stainless steel will be formed and further impair the corrosion resistance during applications such as heating and welding. [ 5–9 ] The ferritic stainless steel usually shows colors such as yellow, red, blue, and gray when exposed to high temperatures over a range from 300°C to 850°C. [ 6,7 ] The colors mainly indicate different film thicknesses, while it can be also considered as an indicator of corrosion attack and be applied for an underlying diagnostics on corrosion properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 5–9 ] The ferritic stainless steel usually shows colors such as yellow, red, blue, and gray when exposed to high temperatures over a range from 300°C to 850°C. [ 6,7 ] The colors mainly indicate different film thicknesses, while it can be also considered as an indicator of corrosion attack and be applied for an underlying diagnostics on corrosion properties. [ 10–12 ] The chemical composition of the colored oxide film is believed to be an important reason leading to reduced corrosion resistance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of oxide films on a ferritic stainless steel

Fan

Shi

Sharafeev

et al. 2020

Materials & Corrosion

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Colored oxide films that form on ferritic stainless steel in a high‐temperature, oxidizing environment and correspond to different chemical compositions can cause a deterioration of pitting resistance and corrosion performance. Herein, optical spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques have been used to reveal the relationship between color, chemical composition, and corrosion resistance of oxide films formed in the temperature range from 400°C to 800°C for 30 min and at 800°C for 10, 20, 30, and 60 min. The substrate with a thin and dense passivation film leads to a low pitting potential but high corrosion resistance. Oxide films of yellowish or brownish color formed below 600°C are mainly iron oxides, which correspond to low corrosion resistance. No passivation characteristics can be observed for polarization curves of oxide films formed at 500°C and 600°C. The color of oxide films varies from blue to dark gray with the increase of oxidation time at 800°C. Corrosion resistance changes with different proportions of Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. The gray oxide films formed at 800°C for 30 min exhibit the lowest pitting susceptibility and the highest corrosion resistance.

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Effect of thermally grown oxides on colour development of stainless steel

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Contact resistivity due to oxide layers between two REBCO tapes

Contact resistivity due to oxide layers between two REBCO tapes

TEM and AES investigations of the natural surface nano‐oxide layer of an AISI 316L stainless steel microfibre

Optical spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of oxide films on a ferritic stainless steel

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