Effect of Thyme Essential Oil Supplementation on Thymol Content in Blood Plasma, Liver, Kidney and Muscle in Broiler Chickens

Ocelova, V; Chizzola, Remigius; Pisarčíková, Jana; Novak, Johannes; Ivanišinová, Oksana; Faix, Š.; Plachá, Iveta

doi:10.1177/1934578x1601101031

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In this context, Ocel'ova et al () have estimated the concentration of thymol in blood plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle of broiler chickens after a supplementation with thyme essential oil. They found the highest concentrations of thymol in the kidney tissue and plasma and the lowest in the breast muscle and liver tissue.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Salehi

Mishra

Shukla

et al. 2018

Phytotherapy Research

397

243

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Thymol is a naturally occurring phenol monoterpene derivative of cymene and isomer of carvacrol. Thymol (10-64%) is one of the major constituent of essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. This plant, native to Mediterranean regions, is commonly used as a culinary herb and also with a long history of use for different medicinal purposes. Nowadays, thymol and thyme present a wide range of functional possibilities in pharmacy, food, and cosmetic industry. The interest in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals based on thymol is due to several studies that have evaluated the potential therapeutic uses of this compound for the treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as a potential as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator. In the present review, these bioactivities have been covered because some of them can contribute to explain the ethnopharmacology of thymol and its main source, T. vulgaris. Other important aspects about thymol are discussed: its toxicity and bioavailability, metabolism, and distribution in animals and humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Salehi

Mishra

Shukla

et al. 2018

Phytotherapy Research

397

243

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The peak of thymol was detected around 19 min and the o‐cresol peak occurred around 10 min in all samples. Samples of plasma, gut contents and duodenal wall for the detection of thymol were prepared using the method described by Oceľová et al (). An enzyme β –Glucuronidase Helix pomatia Type HP‐2 (aqueous solution, ≥100,000 units/ml, Sigma‐Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) was added to samples of plasma and duodenal wall to cleave thymol from its glucuronide and sulfate, since only free thymol can be detected in the GC‐system.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An 80% ethanolic solution with diluted TEO in appropriate concentration was added to the feed (1% w/w of fresh matter) by spraying and subsequent blending with the feed. Evaporation of thymol was analysed by HPLC and based on results, we mixed the feedstuff every third day, moreover amount of thymol in the prepared diet for each experimental group of broiler chickens was extracted and subsequently analysed TA B L E 1 Ingredients and composition of the starter (0-14 days) and grower (15-28 days) broiler chicken diets (dry matter basis) using the method described by Oceľová et al (2016). Briefly, the prepared diet was milled, 0.2 g was weighed into a glass tube, and 2 ml of methanol was added.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many scientific articles have already indicated their antioxidant effects, positive influence on the physiological processes of digestion and microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract (Kovitvadhi et al, ). At present, however, little information is available on the exact mechanism of action and metabolism of the individual plant components (Oceľová et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thymol in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens after sustained administration of thyme essential oil in feed

Ocelova

Chizzola

Battelli

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Plant compounds occurring in phytogenic feed additives are involved in different pharmacological activities in the animal organism. Since the digestive tract acts as a first line of defence against foreign compounds, it is necessary to outline its response to dietary supplementation with bioactive plant components. Little information is available on the bioactivity of thymol as the main bioactive compound of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO). The main objective of the present study was to provide a detailed view of the concentrations of thymol in plasma and the content of individual intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon) of broiler chickens after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation with different TEO concentrations. 32 one‐day old Ross 308 hybrid broilers were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups (0.00%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% w/w of TEO in the diet). Thymol concentrations in the duodenal chyme presented around 7% on average from the thymol amount administered in the feed. A significantly increased thymol amount was observed after 0.1% TEO addition to the diet compared with 0.01% TEO enrichment in the duodenal wall and gut content of jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon (p < 0.05). Thymol levels in the colon were significantly higher than in the ileum and about 1.7 times higher on average than those in the caecum. Significant coefficient of correlation was observed between thymol concentrations in plasma and feed, gut content of all intestinal segments as well as duodenal wall. Our results point to intensive thymol absorption in the initial sections of the digestive tract. In the current study, the role of intestine in biotransformation of thymol was observed, and it would be desirable to investigate whether thymol itself or thymol metabolites are responsible for beneficial effects in intestine.

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“…The scarceness of this information has been attributed partially to methodological difficulties. Recently, methodologies based on HS-SPME coupled to GC-MS and SPE coupled to UHPLC-QTOF-MS have been developed, enabling these determinations [34][35][36][37]. Of special interest for us are the results in broiler chickens [34] demonstrating that THY from thyme herb (consisting of leaves and flowers without stems) at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 10 g/kg of feed is efficiently absorbed, distributed to various tissues and excreted after a supplementation trial of 35 days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of thymol dietary supplementation in quail (Coturnix japonica): Linking bioavailability, effects on egg yolk total fatty acids and performance traits

et al. 2019

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Phytogenic additives such as thymol are encountering growing interest in the poultry industry. However, there are still questions concerning dynamics of their bioavailability, biological action, optimal dosage and duration of supplementation needed to achieve meaningful effects, as well as persistence of induced changes after supplement withdrawal. We studied the link between the dynamics of free thymol concentration and the changes in fatty acids composition in quail egg yolk, both during a month-long chronic dietary supplementation and after 3 weeks of supplement withdrawal (post-supplementation). Fifty, 85 days-old, female quail of homogeneous body weights (251±1g) in egg-laying peak were used. To evaluate potential dose-dependent effects, three increasing doses 2, 4, and 6.25 g of thymol/kg of feed (THY2, THY4 and THY6, respectively) and two controls were evaluated (n = 10). In parallel, we assessed the concomitant changes in free thymol excretion, potential liver histopathological changes, and birds´ performance traits. Egg yolk and droppings show a dose-dependent increase in THY concentration after 9 days of supplementation and a decrease after post-supplementation. In egg yolk, these changes were accompanied by reduced saturated fatty acid concentrations achieved by 28 days of supplementation in THY2 and 14 days of supplementation in THY4 and THY6. However, after post-supplementation the aforementioned effect disappeared in THY2 but not in THY4 and THY6. While THY2 failed to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids, THY4 and THY6 increased polyunsaturated fatty acids by day 14 of supplementation and remained increased after post-supplementation. Fatty acids changes induced by thymol are consistent with improved nutritional quality of eggs. No treatment effects were observed in liver histopathology and female performance. Findings suggest that both dose of thymol and duration of supplementation modulate thymol and fatty acids concentrations in egg yolk and thymol concentration in droppings. Furthermore, the persistence of those effects after post-supplementation period is also a dose-dependent phenomenon.

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Effect of Thyme Essential Oil Supplementation on Thymol Content in Blood Plasma, Liver, Kidney and Muscle in Broiler Chickens

Cited by 15 publications

References 30 publications

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Thymol in the intestinal tract of broiler chickens after sustained administration of thyme essential oil in feed

Dynamics of thymol dietary supplementation in quail (Coturnix japonica): Linking bioavailability, effects on egg yolk total fatty acids and performance traits

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