Effect of Ti addition on the electric and ionic property of the oxide scale formed on the ferritic stainless steel for SOFC interconnect

11–23% Cr steels for solid oxide fuel cell interconnect applications at 800 °C – How the coating determines oxidation kinetics

“…Ti is reported to increase the oxidation rate of the steel by doping the chromia scale. Ti þ4 doping results in the creation of chromium vacancies, which increases the diffusion rate of Cr þ3 , resulting in an increased oxidation rate [63,64]. A similar mechanism is postulated for Nb doping of chromia scale, which is present in 441 and 444 [65].…”

Comparison of MnCo2O4 coated Crofer 22 H, 441, 430 as interconnects for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell stacks

“…Ti is typically added as an alloying element to increase the austenitization temperature (by locking up the free N and C) and/or to stabilize the Laves phase (by increases the solvus temperature) [40]. It has been suggested that Ti additions also may increase the steel oxidation rate due to Ti doping of the Cr2O3 scale [55][56][57]. Depending on the local partial pressure of oxygen within the Cr2O3 scale, which decreases from the scale/air interface to the scale/steel interface, doping with Ti 4+ will be compensated by the creation of chromium vacancies or electrons, respectively [55].…”

On the High-Temperature Oxidation and Area Specific Resistance of New Commercial Ferritic Stainless Steels

“…In the case of Steel A, the results of SEM-EDS and XRD analyses indicate the presence of an external and not continuous TiO 2 layer, which can serve as a barrier to Cr evaporation reaction [84]. Generally, in fact, addition of an adequate amount of Ti improves the Cr evaporation resistance as well as the electrical properties of the oxide scale and the oxidation resistance of the FSSs [52,84].…”