Effect of time-restricted feeding on metabolic risk and circadian rhythm associated with gut microbiome in healthy males

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Time-restricted feeding (TRF) confers protection against nutritional challenges that predispose obesity and metabolic risks through involvement of circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput genes and gut microbiome, but the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of TRF on metabolic markers and circadian rhythm associated with gut microbiota in healthy males. Two groups (TRF, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> 56; non-TRF, <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> 24) of male adults were enrolled. The TRF group provided blood at pre-TRF and post-TRF, while non-TRF one time after 25 d of trial. Serum lipid and liver profiles were determined. Real time-PCR was applied for circadian and inflammatory gene expression. The 16S rRNA genes were sequenced on the Illumina Miseq v3 platform to comprehensively catalogue the composition and abundance of bacteria in stool. We showed that TRF ameliorated the serum lipid and liver profiles of the individuals. In the TRF group, gut microbial richness was significantly enhanced, with enrichment of Prevotellaceae and Bacteroideaceae. TRF enhanced circadian gene expression probably by activation of sirtuin-1, which is positively associated with gut microbiome richness. TRF could be a safe remedy for the prevention of metabolic diseases related to dyslipidaemia, as it regulates circadian rhythm associated with gut microbiome modulation.</jats:p>

Beneficial Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic Diseases: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Upon further review and quality assessment, we found 21 studies that met the topic of interest. Among the 21 studies [23,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45], two were excluded for meta-analysis [26,27]. Their main results have been summarized in Supplementary Materials Table S3.…”

“…Eight studies had low risk of bias and three studies had some concern of the risk of bias. Two RCTs had some concerns of bias due to the lack of data about the randomization process [28,36]. One RCT had some concerns of bias arising from the randomization procedure and missing outcome data [39].…”

“…The funnel plot was symmetric, and no publication bias was found (Egger's test: p = 0.14; Supplementary Materials Figure S1A). In the subgroup analysis according to metabolically healthy status, the subgroup with five studies including participants with metabolic abnormality [28,[33][34][35]38] showed significant reduction of body weight (MD, −3.19; 95% CI, −4.62 to −1.77; I 2 , 0%) while the subgroup with seven studies including healthy participants [31,[38][39][40][42][43][44] did not show significant change of body weight (MD, 0.17; 95% CI, −0.81 to 1.15; I 2 , 0%). In sensitivity analysis, one study [33] showed a significant effect on result.…”

“…When it was removed, statistical significance disappeared (MD, −0.01; 95% CI, −0.95 to 0.93, Supplementary Materials Figure S2A). about the randomization process [28,36]. One RCT had some concerns of bias arising from the randomization procedure and missing outcome data [39].…”

“…TRE significantly lowered systolic blood pressure without significant heterogeneity among studies (Table 2). Fourteen studies [23,[28][29][30][31][32][33]36,37,40,41,44,45] with 343 participants reported changes in lipid profiles with TRE. Triglyceride levels significantly decreased with significant heterogeneity (MD: −11.60, 95% CI: −23.30 to −0.27, I 2 : 81.5%; Table 2).…”