Effect of titanium in LiNbO<sub>3</sub> on domain growth during e-beam writing

Kokhanchik, L. S.; Шандаров, С. М.; Volk, T. R.; Savchenkov, E. N.; Borodin, M. V.

doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab42f8

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Among its optical applications it is worth mentioning quasi-phase matching devices for nonlinear frequency conversion [15]. Different design domains on polar and nonpolar surfaces in bulk and film samples, as well as in LN-based waveguides, were patterned using the DEBW technique and then investigated [9][10][11][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. The selection of the SEM irradiation parameters (the accelerating voltage, e-beam current, and irradiated area dimensions) allows variation of the domain sizes down to the submicrometer level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Kokhanchik¹,

Емелин²,

Сироткин³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The focus of the study was to investigate the peculiarities of the domains created by electron beam (e-beam) in a surface layer of congruent lithium niobate, which comparable to a depth of electron beam charge penetration. Direct e-beam writing (DEBW) of different domain structures with a scanning electron microscope was performed on the polar -Z cut. Accelerating voltage 15 kV and e-beam current 100 pA were applied. Different patterns of local irradiated squares were used to create domain structures and single domains. No domain contrast was observed by the PFM technique. Based on chemical etching, it was found that the vertices of the domains created do not reach the surface level. The average deepening of the domain vertices was several hundred nanometers and varied depending on the irradiation dose and the location of the irradiated areas (squares) relative to each other. Computer simulation was applied to analyze the spatial distribution of the electric field in the various irradiated patterns. The deepening was explained by the fact that in the near-surface layer there is a sign inversion of the normal component of the electric field strength vector, which controls the domain formation during DEBW. Thus, with the help of e-beam, domains were created completely located in the bulk, in contrast to the domains that are nucleated on the surface of the -Z cut during the polarization inversion with AFM tip. The detected deepening of e-beam domains suggests the possibility of creating the “head-to-head” domain walls in the near-surface layer lithium niobate by DEBW.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Kokhanchik¹,

Емелин²,

Сироткин³

et al. 2022

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Domain engineering in LiNbO3 crystals by e-beam and features of spatial distribution of electric field: Experiment and computer simulation

Kokhanchik

Емелин

Сироткин

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Physics

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Domain gratings with different periods were formed on −Z surfaces of lithium niobate using direct electron beam writing (DEBW) at an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Features of the gratings obtained were compared to computer simulation results of spatial distribution of an electric field for various schemes of e-beam charges disposed near the sample surface. The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the injection charge distribution. The electrical potential distribution in irradiated samples was determined by the numerical solution of the Poisson equation. The electric field created by the injected charges was calculated both near the surface and by the depth of the irradiated samples. Peculiarities of the field distribution have been found, in which the formation of regular domain gratings is broken due to the proximity of the injected charges. Based on computer simulations and the experimental results of DEBW (at 15 kV), the search for irradiation schemes was carried out to reduce the limitations in grating periods by decreasing the accelerating voltage of electrons up to 10 kV.

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Effect of titanium in LiNbO₃ on domain growth during e-beam writing

Cited by 2 publications

References 49 publications

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Domain engineering in LiNbO3 crystals by e-beam and features of spatial distribution of electric field: Experiment and computer simulation

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Effect of titanium in LiNbO3 on domain growth during e-beam writing

Cited by 2 publications

References 49 publications

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Deepening of domains at e-beam writing on the −Z surface of lithium niobate

Domain engineering in LiNbO3 crystals by e-beam and features of spatial distribution of electric field: Experiment and computer simulation

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Effect of titanium in LiNbO₃ on domain growth during e-beam writing