Effect of tongue‐strengthening training combined with a tablet personal computer game in healthy adults

Abstract

Background: Game-based training has been shown to improve behavioural motor learning in various medical fields including rehabilitation.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a tablet PC (personal computer) game-based tongue training on tongue strength, thickness and compliance in healthy adults.Methods: This study recruited 30 healthy volunteers. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 15/group). Group 1 performed game-based tongue training, and group 2 performed tongue resistance training using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Both groups performed the same tongue exercises as follows: frequency (isotonic = 30 times × 3, isometric = 20 seconds × 3), intensity (70% of 1-repeated maximum contraction) and intervention period (5 days for 6 weeks). The primary outcomes were tongue muscle strength and thickness. Secondary outcomes were assessed using a 0-to-10 numerical rating self-report scale that included motivation, interest/fun, physical effort and muscle fatigue/pain. Results:Both groups showed significant improvement in tongue strength and thickness, but there were no significant differences between the groups after the intervention. The self-report scale numerical rating revealed that group 1 had significantly higher motivation and interest/fun after the exercise than group 2. Group 1 had expended a significantly lower physical effort than group 2. No significant differences were noted between the 2 groups for muscle fatigue/pain. Conclusion:This study showed that both exercises had similar effects on tongue strength and thickness increase in healthy adults, but game-based tongue training was more fun and physically less demanding. K E Y W O R D Sgame, strength, thickness, tongue, training

Variability in tongue pressure among elderly and young healthy cohorts: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…In this systematic review, TP data with IOPI from subjects all over the world, including Asia, 19,21,39,40,48,51,52,66‐70 Oceania, 50 North America, 9,17,18,29‐32,34,45,53,58,71 South America 36,43,54 and Europe, 15,72 have been collected. All TP values measured using the JMS are in the Japanese studies 2‐4,7,14,16,20,22‐24,33,35,37,38,41,42,44,46,47,49,51,55‐57,59‐61,64,73‐83 .…”

“…TA B L E 2 Results of quality assessment for (a) analytical study according to NOS, and for (b) included randomised clinical trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs according to Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias In this systematic review, TP data with IOPI from subjects all over the world, including Asia, 19,21,39,40,48,51,52,[66][67][68][69][70] Oceania, 50 North America, 9,17,18,[29][30][31][32]34,45,53,58,71 South America 36,43,54 and Europe, 15,72 have been collected. All TP values measured using the JMS are in the Japanese studies.…”

“…Currently, many studies have reported TP values in a large number of healthy adult subjects, [14][15][16] dysphagic patients and patients with oral problems. 17 TP is assessed to compare the values before training with those after training in order to observe whether tongue function is improved by training for healthy young [18][19][20][21] or elderly 22,23 subjects. However, the existing data have not been summarised thus far; therefore, interpreting individual TP measurements in varying age cohorts or with varying measuring devices can be challenging.…”

Effect of Core Muscle Strength Training Combined with Taijiquan on Bone Mineral Density Measured by Quantitative CT Scanning in the Elderly

“…Hwang and others believe that the maximum ventilation volume decreases rapidly with the increase in age. The maximum ventilation of the elderly is reduced due to the reduction of the contractility of respiratory muscles, the weakening of the compliance of the lungs and thorax, the increase in respiratory resistance, and the reduction of sensitive excitability of the respiratory center [ 11 ]. Hwang and others said that the maximum ventilation of middle-aged and elderly women who have participated in Taijiquan for a long time shows an upward trend, and the vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FEV1), and airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC) are significantly increased, indicating that Taijiquan exercise can increase respiratory reserve, delay the degradation of ventilator energy caused by aging, significantly improve pulmonary elastic retraction, improve respiratory muscle strength, increase oxygen uptake, and ensure the body's demand for oxygen.…”

Effect of Isometric Tongue Lifting Exercise on Oral Function, Physical Function, and Body Composition in Community-Dwelling Older Individuals: A Pilot Study

“…In 2014, the National Center for Geriatric and Gerontology of Japan proposed oral frailty, a condition wherein changes in the oral condition are combined with decreased interest in the oral cavity and reduced mental and physical reserve capacity, resulting in increased oral vulnerability [4]. Early detection and appropriate intervention has also been found to prevent the progression of oral frailty, with several reports showing the efficacy of exercise training [5, 6]. Moreover, Tanaka et al [7] suggested that oral frailty is one of the risk factors for physical frailty.…”