Effect of TPRD diameter and direction of release on hydrogen dispersion and jet fires in underground parking

Shentsov, Volodymyr; Cirrone, Donatella; Makarov, Dmitriy

doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107771

Cited by 20 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…To prevent safety accidents caused by hydrogen diffusion in confined spaces, the minimum ventilation rate volume needs to exceed a ventilation ratio of 30% . Diffused hydrogen will preferentially collect at the top of the confined space, and therefore, ventilation units should be placed in the top space. , In addition, the walls and corners of the confined space are also the regions where hydrogen concentration is high for a short period of time after a leak and thus can guide the layout of the HCS at a later stage …”

Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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As fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are increasingly put on the market and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are built accordingly, fatal accidents caused by explosion due to hydrogen leakage are reported and have become a critical issue. The explosion results from complicated processes associated with the so-called hydrogen jet and diffusion when the hydrogen leaks from FCVs or HRSs, demonstrating its sophisticated characteristics and presenting significant technical challenges. Recently, particularly in the past a few years, researchers have established a variety of theoretical models to reveal the relevant mechanisms and introduced a series of monitoring/diagnostic approaches to detect and control the relevant hazards. This comprehensive review summarizes the major research outcomes and particularly the state-of-the-art progresses in relation to hydrogen leakage in FCVs and HRSs, including (1) subsonic jets, (2) underexpanded jets, (3) hydrogen diffusion behavior, (4) hazard reduction methods for confined and free spaces, (5) four types of widely used hydrogen detection technologies, and (6) the application of hydrogen leakage diagnostic methods in different systems. An insight of the review is that research on hydrogen leakage related to FCVs and HRSs should be combined with the relevant realistic characteristics. The characteristics of hydrogen jets generated in real gaps are discussed, and hazard reduction methods are proposed based on the characteristics of hydrogen diffusion in different confined and free spaces. It is suggested that, in order to integrate and evaluate multiple sensor data points and more accurately determine the leakage location and the leakage level, artificial intelligence technologies could be introduced to resolve the issues encountered currently.

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Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…The tanks are fitted with thermally activated pressure relief devices (TPRDs) through which the hydrogen vents in the event of a fire. The safe use of hydrogen vehicles in confined and covered spaces such as hydrogen storage enclosures on trains, maritime vessels, and planes, as well as car parks, tunnels, maintenance shops and garages, has been the topic of recent investigations [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Safety by Design: Exclusion of Flame Blow-Out from a TPRD

Kazemi,

Brennan,

Molkov

2024

Hydrogen

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Onboard hydrogen storage tanks are currently fitted with thermally activated pressure relief devices (TPRDs), enabling hydrogen to blowdown in the event of fire. For release diameters below the critical diameter, the flame from the TPRD may blow-out during a pressure drop. Flame blow-outs pose a safety concern for an indoor or covered environment, e.g., a garage or carpark, where hydrogen can accumulate and deflagrate. This study describes the application of a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the dynamic flame behaviour from a TPRD designed to exclude its blow-out. The dynamic behaviour replicates a real scenario. Flame behaviour during tank blowdown through two TPRDs with different nozzle geometries is presented. Simulations confirm flame blow-out for a single-diameter TPRD of 0.5 mm during tank blowdown, while the double-diameter nozzle successfully excludes flame blow-out. The pressure at which the flame blow-out process is initiated during blowdown through a single-diameter nozzle was predicted.

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Limits of self-ignition in the process of hydrogen-methane mixtures release under high pressure into unconfined space

Smygalina,

Kiverin

2023

Journal of Energy Storage

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Effect of TPRD diameter and direction of release on hydrogen dispersion and jet fires in underground parking

Cited by 20 publications

References 18 publications

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hydrogen Safety by Design: Exclusion of Flame Blow-Out from a TPRD

Limits of self-ignition in the process of hydrogen-methane mixtures release under high pressure into unconfined space

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