Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on single‐unit activity in the cat primary visual cortex

Moliadze, Vera; Zhao, Yongqiang; Eysel, Ulf T.; Funke, Klaus

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050153

Cited by 217 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…2A, we depict spatially averaged activities in response to both single-pulse and 10-Hz TMS conditions as a mean across nine different cat experiments. Generally, the first TMS pulse led to brief excitation followed by immediate suppression (with duration of 250 ms ± 40 SD), similar to that observed earlier with extracellular electrode recordings using suprathreshold 1-Hz TMS (36). Levels of rebound activity after repetitive single-pulse TMS remained at low values (1.3 ± 0.9 SEM, ×10 −4 ΔF/F), whereas the stepwise increase in activity after 10 Hz rTMS produced significantly higher amplitudes (5.6 ± 1.6 SEM, ×10 −4 ΔF/F).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

“…In contrast to imaging of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals, which are inevitably slow because of their dependence on hemodynamics, we here measured neuronal activity directly as voltage changes across neuronal membranes. Commonly, immediate detection of the fluctuations in neuronal membrane potentials suffers from artifacts introduced by the TMS coil discharge, leading to overload of recording amplifiers around the time point of TMS pulses (22,36) and masking of neuronal effects, which can gradually be reduced by only advanced technologies (50)(51)(52)(53). Obviously, VSD imaging does not provide single-cell resolution and is limited to cortical surface areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics

Kozyrev

Eysel

Jancke

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in clinical interventions and basic neuroscience. Additionally, it has become a powerful tool to drive plastic changes in neuronal networks. However, highly resolved recordings of the immediate TMS effects have remained scarce, because existing recording techniques are limited in spatial or temporal resolution or are interfered with by the strong TMS-induced electric field. To circumvent these constraints, we performed optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) in an animal experimental setting using anaesthetized cats. The dye signals reflect gradual changes in the cells' membrane potential across several square millimeters of cortical tissue, thus enabling direct visualization of TMS-induced neuronal population dynamics. After application of a single TMS pulse across visual cortex, brief focal activation was immediately followed by synchronous suppression of a large pool of neurons. With consecutive magnetic pulses (10 Hz), widespread activity within this "basin of suppression" increased stepwise to suprathreshold levels and spontaneous activity was enhanced. Visual stimulation after repetitive TMS revealed long-term potentiation of evoked activity. Furthermore, loss of the "deceleration-acceleration" notch during the rising phase of the response, as a signature of fast intracortical inhibition detectable with VSD imaging, indicated weakened inhibition as an important driving force of increasing cortical excitability. In summary, our data show that high-frequency TMS changes the balance between excitation and inhibition in favor of an excitatory cortical state. VSD imaging may thus be a promising technique to trace TMS-induced changes in excitability and resulting plastic processes across cortical maps with high spatial and temporal resolutions. (1) (TMS) has become a frequently used method for noninvasive diagnostics, therapeutic treatment, and intervention for neurorehabilitation of neurological disorders (2-8). Additionally, TMS has proved a valuable tool in basic brain research as its perturbative effects allow area-selective manipulation of immediate cortical function (9-11), as well as its long-lasting alteration through plasticity and learning protocols (12, 13). However, direct measurements of the TMS-induced cortical dynamics at highly resolved spatiotemporal scales are missing because "online approaches" (14), using modern neuroimaging techniques such as functional MRI (fMRI) (15-18), magnetoencephalography (19), EEG (20), and near-infrared (21) or intrinsic optical imaging (22), are limited in either spatial or temporal resolutions or in both.Here we overcame these limitations, using optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes (VSD), which exploits the dye's property to transduce gradual changes in voltage across neuronal membranes into fluorescent light signals. In contrast to imaging methods applicable in humans, this method is invasive but allows avoiding the commonly experienced contamination of signals by artifacts due to the strong ...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics

Kozyrev

Eysel

Jancke

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…7 B and C) can be explained by an increased difference in the activity of these two sets of neurons under the assumption that excitation by TMS allows neurons' intrinsic response nonlinearity to amplify any preexisting biases in activity (25). As noted above, disrupted proactive control can be explained by a reduction of bias caused by the long-term inhibitory effects of SEF stimulation in the previous trial (24) (Fig. 7A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive control of sequential saccades in the human supplementary eye field

Sharika

Neggers

Gutteling

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Our ability to regulate behavior based on past experience has thus far been examined using single movements. However, natural behavior typically involves a sequence of movements. Here, we examined the effect of previous trial type on the concurrent planning of sequential saccades using a unique paradigm. The task consisted of two trial types: no-shift trials, which implicitly encouraged the concurrent preparation of the second saccade in a subsequent trial; and target-shift trials, which implicitly discouraged the same in the next trial. Using the intersaccadic interval as an index of concurrent planning, we found evidence for contextbased preparation of sequential saccades. We also used functional MRI-guided, single-pulse, transcranial magnetic stimulation on human subjects to test the role of the supplementary eye field (SEF) in the proactive control of sequential eye movements. Results showed that (i) stimulating the SEF in the previous trial disrupted the previous trial type-based preparation of the second saccade in the nonstimulated current trial, (ii) stimulating the SEF in the current trial rectified the disruptive effect caused by stimulation in the previous trial, and (iii) stimulating the SEF facilitated the preparation of second saccades based on previous trial type even when the previous trial was not stimulated. Taken together, we show how the human SEF is causally involved in proactive preparation of sequential saccades.performance monitoring | delayed saccade double-step task | oculomotor | parallel programming | cognitive control T he medial frontal cortex has previously been implicated in our ability to regulate behavior based on past experience. For example, in the case of eye movements, the supplementary eye fields (SEFs) are involved in preparing a saccade in a given trial taking into account information related to preceding trials (1-3). Such contextual control is pivotal in generating optimal responses in a dynamically changing environment and may derive from signals that are sensitive to conflict or errors in previous trials (1-11). Although studies centered on proactive control have so far focused on the regulation of single movements or simple responses, natural behavior typically involves the execution of multiple movements in a sequence. Using a modified version of the classic double-step paradigm called the delayed saccade double-step task, we tested the role of previous trial type in modulating the concurrent planning of sequential eye movements (experiment 1). Also, using functional MRI (fMRI)-guided, single-pulse, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we investigated the role of SEF in the proactive planning of sequential saccades (experiment 2) i.e., whether the SEF is causally involved in embedding contextual information about the previous trial for the preparation of future sequential movements. In the process, we attempt to provide a link between apparently diverse functions of the SEF, such as planning of saccade sequences (12, 13) and conflict monitoring (1-3).The delayed...

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“…TMS of the occipital lobe excites cortical neurons (Moliadze et al, 2003) to create a retinotopically localized illusory visual percept known as a phosphene (Barker et al, 1985b;Meyer et al, 1991). Many studies have shown that TMS, at intensities above the threshold to induce phosphenes, interferes with normal visual processing and impairs the detection of visual stimuli (Amassian et al, 1989;Kammer, 2007;Harris et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Abrahamyan¹,

Clifford²,

Arabzadeh³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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We probed for improvement of visual sensitivity in human participants using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Stimulation of visual cortex can induce an illusory visual percept known as a phosphene. It is known that TMS, delivered at intensities above the threshold to induce phosphenes, impairs the detection of visual stimuli. We investigated how the detection of a simple visual stimulus is affected by TMS applied to visual cortex at or below the phosphene threshold. Participants performed the detection task while the contrast of the visual stimulus was varied from trial to trial according to an adaptive staircase procedure. Detection of the stimulus was enhanced when a single pulse of TMS was delivered to the contralateral visual cortex 100 or 120 ms after stimulus onset at intensities just below the phosphene threshold. No improvement in visual sensitivity was observed when TMS was applied to the visual cortex in the opposite hemisphere (ipsilateral to the visual stimulus). We conclude that TMS-induced neuronal activity can sum with stimulus-evoked activity to augment visual perception.

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Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on single‐unit activity in the cat primary visual cortex

Cited by 217 publications

References 56 publications

Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics

Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics

Proactive control of sequential saccades in the human supplementary eye field

Improving Visual Sensitivity with Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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