Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Human Blood β-Endorphin Levels

O’Brien, William J.; Rutan, Fred M; Sanborn, Carolyn R.; Omer, George E.

doi:10.1093/ptj/64.9.1367

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…No diVerence in E levels could be ascertained between groups and in diVerent time points. Naloxone did not alter the pain threshold of these patients, and this suggests that the endogenous opioid system has no role in the mode of action of TENS (O'Brien et al 1984).…”

Section: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (Tens)mentioning

confidence: 78%

The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels

Bender¹,

Nagy²,

Barna

et al. 2007

Eur J Appl Physiol

115

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Beta-endorphin (betaE) is an important reliever of pain. Various stressors and certain modalities of physiotherapy are potent inducers of the release of endogenous betaE to the blood stream. Most forms of exercise also increase blood betaE level, especially when exercise intensity involves reaching the anaerobic threshold and is associated with the elevation of serum lactate level. Age, gender, and mental activity during exercise also may influence betaE levels. Publications on the potential stimulating effect of manual therapy and massage on betaE release are controversial. Sauna, mud bath, and thermal water increase betaE levels through conveying heat to the tissues. The majority of the techniques for electrical stimulation have a similar effect, which is exerted both centrally and--to a lesser extent--peripherally. However, the parameters of electrotherapy have not yet been standardised. The efficacy of analgesia and the improvement of general well-being do not necessarily correlate with betaE level. Although in addition to blood, increased brain and cerebrospinal fluid betaE levels are also associated with pain, the majority of studies have concerned blood betaE levels. In general, various modalities of physical therapy might influence endorphin levels in the serum or in the cerebrospinal fluid--this is usually manifested by elevation with potential mitigation of pain. However, a causal relationship between the elevation of blood, cerebrospinal fluid or brain betaE levels and the onset of the analgesic action cannot be demonstrated with certainty.

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Section: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (Tens)mentioning

confidence: 78%

The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels

Bender¹,

Nagy²,

Barna

et al. 2007

Eur J Appl Physiol

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…TENS therapy is often used in cases as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, low back pain, neck pain, neuropathic pain, after multiple rib fractures and so on (Bélanger, 2008). Studies indicate that to apply electrical nerve stimulation therapy correctly and constantly is effective in reducing the pain of patient (Geler Külcü et al, 2009;O'Brien et al, 1984;Tezelli et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of TENS electrodes using conductive yarn

Erdem

Yeşilpinar

Şenol

et al. 2016

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop textile-based transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) electrodes using conductive yarn to bring a solution to uncomfortable feelings and hygiene problems of conventional conductive hydrogel electrodes. It proposes washing process, resistance measurements and subjective tests to evaluate the performance of the developed textile-based electrode. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, six different textile electrode pairs were designed and produced with different patterns. Designed electrodes were washed for ten times. In order to evaluate the effect of pattern differences and washing process on electrode performances, two different tests were realized before and after washing. The first of these tests is resistance measurement with a multimeter, and the second one is subjective test carried out on subjects. Findings – The results obtained from resistance measurements indicated that the pattern differences cause resistance values of electrodes to change. It is reported that subjects had electrical stimulation from all electrode samples in conducted trials and it is noticed that washing process does not cause any stimulation problems. Originality/value – In this study, textile-based TENS electrodes having different patterns were produced by machine stitching technique and their long-term usage behaviors were examined with repeated washing processes and trials on the subjects.

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“…Controlled acute pain stimuli were delivered using a Square Wave Stimulator, Model S9 (Grass Medical Instruments, Quincy, MA) via a 5 mm bipolar cutaneous electrode placed on the volar aspect of the dominant forearm 8 cm from the proximal wrist fold [O'Brien et al, 1984]. Electric shock stimuli were delivered by a 20-impulse train of electroshocks at a frequency of 50 pulses/s and 5 ms in duration to produce pinching pain [Notermans, 1975].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary melatonin response to acute pain stimuli

Nelson

Farr

Ebadi³

2001

Journal of Pineal Research

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Evidence for a relationship between melatonin, nociception, and analgesia in humans is based on data that are only linked by association and simultaneous occurrence. Studies have reported inverse correlation of the circadian melatonin rhythm with nociception latency and enhancement of opioid analgesia by simultaneous administration of melatonin in animals. This study examines the response of salivary melatonin to acute pain stimuli in 18 healthy subjects ranging in age from 19 to 50 years. A biphasic melatonin response following an acute pain stimulus of 36 V was observed, F(8, 8) = 17.839, P < 0.001. Within 5 min of the stimulus, melatonin decreased and reached a plateau of 36 pg/mL below baseline by 20 min. This decrease was followed by an increase of 5 pg/mL. Melatonin levels subsequently decreased until they had reached levels similar to those anticipated for the time of day and did not vary thereafter. The magnitude of the melatonin response was not related to age or gender. There was no association between voltage and magnitude of the melatonin responses observed at 15 min (r =0.185, P=0.51) or at 30 min (r = 0.468, P = 0.09). This study provides the first evidence of melatonin utilization and subsequent pineal gland synthesis following acute pain episodes in humans.

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Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Human Blood β-Endorphin Levels

Cited by 23 publications

References 5 publications

The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels

The effect of physical therapy on beta-endorphin levels

Design of TENS electrodes using conductive yarn

Salivary melatonin response to acute pain stimuli

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