Effect of transgenic insect-resistant maize to the community structure of soil nematodes in two field trials

Abstract

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of Bt maize hybrid cultivation on soil nematode communities in two field trials, as well as to analyse other factors (fertilisation and moisture) responsible for the community structure of soil nematodes. Nematode communities were studied in maize plots at the locality of Borovce in western Slovakia. During 2012 and 2013, hybrids DK440 and DKC3871 (conventional) or DKC4442YG and DKC3872YG (Bt maize, event MON810) were sown in 10 repetitions each. Nematodes were extracted from soil samples collected at the maize flowering (July 11, 2012 and July 30, 2013). Altogether, 39 nematode species belonged to 35 genera were identified in two maize variants. The dominant taxa in both variants were Acrobeloides nanus, Cephalobus persegnis, Aphelenchoides composticola, Aphelenchus avenae, Eudorylaimus carteri and Filenchus vulgaris. Calculation of the maturity index, plant parasitic index, enrichment index and structure index did not confirm any clear influence of year or hybrid type on soil nematode communities. The proportional representation of cp-1, cp-2 and cp-3-5 groups of nematode fauna indicated conditions of low stability and high stress. Faunal profiles representing the structure and enrichment conditions of the soil food web showed an environment with a high C:N ratio and high levels of fungal feeders. Based on the calculation of the metabolic footprint of nematodes in the soil food web, a difference between the isoline maize variant and Bt maize variant in 2012 was found, but this difference was not readily apparent in 2013. The occurrence of nematodes, their abundance, proportion of feeding types and selected ecological indices did not depend on the type of maize hybrid (Bt or nonBt). Thus, the cultivation of genetically modified maize did not directly influence nematode populations. The application of fertiliser at certain periods does not influence the nematode community. The observed significant higher abundance of nematodes was correlated with soil moisture.

Impact of Transgenic Cry1Ab/2Aj Maize on Abundance of Non-Target Arthropods in the Field

“…The results in this study showed no significant differences on the composition, species richness ( S ), Shannon–Wiener diversity index ( H′ ), evenness index ( J ), Simpson’s dominant concentration ( C ), community similarity and ecosystem functioning composition of the NTAs community between transgenic insect-resistant maize (SK12-5 transgenic Cry1Ab/2Aj ) and the non-GE maize. These results are consistent with previous studies showing that Bt maize producing Cry1Ab [ 18 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], Cry1Ab and Cry2Ab [ 45 ], Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab [ 46 , 47 ], Cry1Ac [ 48 , 49 , 50 ], Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab and Cry3Bb [ 51 ], Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac [ 52 ], Cry1Ab and VIP3A [ 53 ], Cry1F [ 54 , 55 , 56 ], Cry1Ah [ 57 ], Cry1Ie [ 58 , 59 , 60 ], Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 [ 55 , 61 ], Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 and Cry1F [ 55 , 61 ], Cry3Bb [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ] and VIP 3A [ 66 ] insecticidal proteins did not affect populations of NTAs in the field. Similarly, there were no significant effects detected in the majority of such filed experiments with Bt cotton and Bt rice [ 37 , 67 , 68 , 69 ].…”