Effect of ultra-sonic activation on early hydration process in 3D concrete printing technology

Feasibility study on sustainable magnesium potassium phosphate cement paste for 3D printing

“…Setting time has been proved to be an important parameter closely related to the open time [35]. It should be sufficient long to prevent the material from blocking the hose.…”

“…10 (1 day) is sufficient for most of the requirements in various 3D printing [35]. The influence of MgO, fly ash, silica fume and borax on early-age compressive strength were investigated accordingly in macroscale, which was conducted on cubic specimens with dimensions of 50×50×50 mm at the age of 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min respectively [15].…”

Development and optimization of 3D printable cementitious composites for printing applications

“…As can be seen from the Figure 6-10, the compressive strength of all investigated mixtures is higher than 1 MPa at 20 min and higher than 4 MPa at 90 min. The results imply that all investigated mixtures are sufficient in civil engineering from the aspect of the development of early-age mechanical performance (Vaitkevičius et al, 2018). Specifically, M100FA0S0-1 samples revealed the highest compressive strength at all curing ages, which could be associated with the higher amount of struvite-K formation due to the larger magnesia content, which enhances the chemical reaction between MgO and KDA.…”

“…Open time, a critical factor for 3D concrete printing, is defined as the period within which the materials are consistent with acceptable printing quality in the printing process (Lim et al, 2012). Setting time has been proved to be an important parameter closely related to the open time (Vaitkevičius et al 2018). It should be sufficiently long to prevent the material from blocking the hose.…”

“…Vaitkevicius et al's work implied that the early-age compressive strength of the materials achieving 1MPa (20 min) and 4.93 MPa (1 day) is sufficient for most of the requirements in various 3D printing (Vaitkevičius et al, 2018). The influence of MgO, fly ash, silica fume and borax on early-age compressive strength were investigated accordingly in macroscale, which was conducted on cubic specimens with dimensions of 50×50×50 mm at the age of 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min respectively .…”