“…In wet chemistry NP synthesis, a metal ion precursor, such as AgNO 3 and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , is reacted with a reducing agent, such as ethylene glycol (EG) or ascorbic acid in solution with a capping agent, such as PVP and SDS [ 85 ]. In addition to wet chemical synthesis, NPs may also be formed through physical methods, such as evaporation condensation [ 95 ] and laser ablation [ 96 ], additional chemical methods, such as microemulsion [ 97 ], UV or other photonic source initiated photoreduction [ 98 ], electrochemical synthesis [ 84 ], irradiation [ 99 ], microwave-assisted synthesis [ 100 ], and biosynthesis techniques, either through bacteria, fungi, algae or plants [ 100 ]. Spherical metal NPs tend to agglomerate strongly because of their large surface areas, strong interparticle attractions, and particle symmetry regardless of orientation.…”