Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment on Extraction Efficiency of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds from Citrus Waste By-Products

Abstract

Waste or by-product use is in focus for reducing the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. The current study aim was to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of bioactive compounds and composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize higher yield extraction parameters. Pretreatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction recovered 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was economical as compared to conventional hydro-distilled process. The functional quality of essential oil was determined using FTIR and GC-MS. Antioxidants from citrus peel and pulp/pomace were extracted and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The quantification of bioactive compounds from citrus waste was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass transfer rate of antioxidants from peel and pomace were 30% increased as a result of ultrasound-assisted treatment. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC (735.54 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.26%) was recorded in Citrus sinensis Pulp and peel respectively. The bioactive compounds such as hesperidin (31.52 mg/100 g) was significantly higher in (p ≤ 0.05) in Citrus sinensis pulnd extract. Vanillin was found 1.21 mg/100 g in peel extract of citrus fruit, moreover vanillin was not detected in pulp extract. Myrecitin was not detected in both the samples. The bioactive natural compounds extracted from citrus peel can be used in food and pharma sector as natural anti-oxidantcompounds.

Diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi isolated from salam (Syzygium polyanthum)

“…Therefore, obtaining yield in large quantities requires several parameters, such as extraction methods, amount of biomass, environmental conditions (pH, temperature, humidity), and extraction time (Liu et al 2022;Monagas et al 2022;Nortjie et al 2022). The selection of pre-treatment and processing methods affects the reduction time for extraction, an increase in yield, the quality of biological compounds, and energy reduction (Zhang et al 2018;Sandhu et al 2021;Patra et al 2022). For example, drying impacts the metabolites of heat-sensitive components, and the process can also contribute to improving the conservation of bioactive compounds against oxidation, enzymatic activity, and putrefactive bacteria and allows cell destruction.…”

A descriptive review on exploiting the therapeutic significance of essential oils as a potential nutraceutical and food preservative

“…The improved extraction method not only benefits these industries but also promotes sustainability by reducing resource and energy consumption, making it an environmentally friendly and cost‐effective approach. As a result, ultrasound‐assisted extraction is poised to enhance the overall value and versatility of EOs for industrial use (Sandhu et al., 2021).…”

Emerging trends in the appliance of ultrasonic technology for valorization of agricultural residue into versatile products

“…The utilization of ultrasound energy or ultrasonic to assist the valorization or extraction of the agro-industrial biomass based on lignocellulosic materials to produce value-added products has been widely reported. Ultrasound pretreatment is a useful alternative process based on the reduction of an adverse effect on the extractable compound, limiting the use of organic solvent consumption, lowering the temperature, and a reduction in the extraction time [61] . Other than that, the hybrid system of combining ultrasound with other pretreatment processes is an alternative to increase the efficiency of the pretreatment process.…”

“…Other than that, an ultrasound-assisted extraction process is also adopted for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Sandhu et al, [61] used ultrasound pretreatment to see its effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds and the composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. This study found that ultrasound pretreatment led to 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was much economically viable compared to the conventional hydro-distilled process.…”