Effect of using an infiltration hole and mulching in fish‐scale pits on soil water, nitrogen, and organic matter contents: Evidence from a 4‐year field experiment

Excessive phosphorus (P) fertilization in intensive rice-cultivation areas in China has caused serious environmental problems. However, relatively little research has been done on investigating the soil P balance in rice production systems based on different fertilizer regimes. Our study investigated the dynamic variation of soil P balance and rice P use efficiency and productivity from 2014 to 2018 in the paddy fields under synthetic fertilizer (CF) and manure application (OF) regimes based on the practices of local farmers. Flooding water on the paddy fields tends to cause P loss via runoff and leaching. A lysimeter system was used to monitor P loss from paddy fields, which overcame the limitations of real-time monitoring discharge volume and sample-collection. The results with relatively higher rainfall intensity in 2014 and 2015, in total, 4.69 kg P ha À1 under CF and 8.39 kg P ha À1 under OF were lost via runoff in 2014, with 13.6 kg P ha À1 under CF and 17.8 kg P ha À1 under OF in 2015, whereas from 2015 to 2018, no more than 5 kg P ha À1 was lost in CF or OF via runoff. Leaching showed a similar, varying trend for both CF and OF. Furthermore, during the 5 years, a continuous soil P deficit was observed, except in 2017 and 2018 for CF and 2018 for OF. The net P retention ranged from À15.31 to 6.2 kg ha À1 for CF and from À23.65 to 2.64 kg ha À1 for OF. The continuous P deficit in paddy soils might have reduced soil P storage. These huge P losses undermined rice yield production. In parallel, after 2014, the grain yield decreased from 10,885.7 in 2014 to 6266.7 kg ha À1 in 2017 under CF and from 10,607.6 to 6649.6 kg ha À1 under OF. Overall, these results reveal a risk of declining P storage in paddy soils and a potential menace on food safety under the current fertilizer management, suggesting that novel fertilizer strategies need to be developed for reserving P storage in paddy fields.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The current fertilizer regimes cause phosphorus deficit in paddy soils and decreased rice phosphorus uptake: a study in Shanghai, China

Chu

Xing

et al. 2023

“…When the production of runoff on the control slope was high, no obvious statistical differences in reducing runoff and sediments were found between the LD and the control, however, the combined measure could significantly reduce the runoff by 44.1% ( p = 0.04) and the sediments by 78.6% ( p = 0.07) compared with the control. Infiltration hole can rapidly and directly transport the runoff intercepted by LD into the hole and greatly enhance the infiltration of slope runoff under rainstorm condition (Wang et al, 2021), this is the main reason to explain the significant effects of the combined measure in reducing runoff and sediments under high‐intensity or rainstorm event. The linear regressions between precipitation and runoff, precipitation and sediment, and runoff and sediment showed that both the LD and the combined measure reduced runoff and sediment, and the combined measure had better effects compared with the LD (Figure S7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This led to the fast increase in the water depletion of deep soils (Jia et al, 2019; Shao et al, 2018). The changes in deep soil water environment greatly affect the connection between groundwater and surface water, thereby affect the water cycle at local and regional scales (Song et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2021; Yang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infiltration holes enhance the deep soil water replenishment from a level ditch on the Loess Plateau of China

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2023

Self Cite

The introduction of exotic plants with high‐water consumption and high‐density planting have greatly changed the deep soil water environment on the Loess Plateau of China. Slope measures can intercept runoff to change slope soil water redistribution, however, the existing measures are not enough to improve deep soil water replenishment. Infiltration holes were used as a supplement of the existing slope measures. In this study, the effects of three different measures (the control without any measures, the level ditch, and the combination of level ditch and infiltration hole) on slope runoff and deep soil water redistribution were evaluated under field conditions. The results showed that the combined measure reduced the runoff by 44.1% and the sediments by 78.6% under an intense rainfall event compared with the control. After two rainy seasons, compared with the control and the level ditch, the combined measures significantly increased the soil water storage below 50 cm in the soil layer. Combining infiltration hole with level ditch improved the deep soil water replenishment within 30 cm from infiltration hole in a horizontal plane. Overall, the single‐level ditch was insufficient to improve deep soil water replenishment, and the combined measure can more effectively intercept runoff to increase the water replenishment of deep soils. Our findings provide a new thinking in regulating and utilizing slope runoff to effectively improve deep soil water replenishment in arid and semiarid areas.

“…Compared to existing individual engineering measures, constructing infiltration holes into them not only enlarges the storage space of rainfall runoff but also increases the infiltration path and rate of rainfall runoff (Sun et al, 2019; Wang et al, 2020; Zhang et al, 2023). Furthermore, infiltration holes increase the initial infiltration depth of rainfall‐runoff, and facilitate the utilization of deeper dry soil for storing rainfall runoff effectively (Jia et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2021). It is evident that constructing infiltration holes into existing slope engineering measures would result in a greater reduction of rainfall‐runoff on the slope and reduce the risk of slope failure, mudslide, and landslide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of infiltration holes on rainfall‐runoff production on slopes treated with engineering measures: A simulation study in the Loess Plateau of China

Li,

Wang,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Self Cite

Present slope engineering measures are insufficient to intercept and infiltrate extreme rainstorm runoff in the Loess Plateau of China. The infiltration hole that has specific depth and volume can be used as a supplemental to slope engineering measures to rapidly reduce rainstorm runoff and store them into deep soil layers. In this study, the performance of infiltration holes (60, 80, and 100 cm in depth and 10 cm in diameter) in intercepting and infiltrating rainstorm runoff was evaluated through the field simulation experiment (rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min−1). The results showed that infiltration holes directly increased the runoff infiltration area by 0.20, 0.26, and 0.32 m2. Before infiltration holes were filled up, all the runoff were intercepted, the reduced runoff were 5.70, 5.85, 8.85 mm, respectively. When runoff reducing rate reached stable (around 110 min), the stable runoff‐reducing rates were 0.079, 0.088, and 0.091 mm min−1, and the cumulative reduced runoff were 15.05, 18.11, and 20.97 mm, accounting for 30.41%, 36.59%, and 42.36% of the simulated rainstorm runoff. This implies that filtration holes could, on average, reduce runoff by 70.50, 132.42, and 256.26 mm within 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. Based on the results, it was verified that infiltration holes could reduce most of the runoff under the scenario of historical extreme rainstorms in the past two decades. Our research determined the rainfall runoff reduced by infiltration holes and verified the effectiveness of infiltration holes under rainstorm events, and provided a prospective technique for regulating extreme rainstorm runoff and decreasing landslides and mudslides risks on the Loess Plateau.