Effect of vagotomy on gastrointestinal hormones

Becker, H. D.; Börger, H. W.; Schafmayer, A.

doi:10.1007/bf01654771

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…This is consistent with studies showing that the contribution of neural input to insulin secretion during the cephalic phase is relatively small in humans (67,68). Along similar lines, vagotomized patients have normal postprandial serum insulin levels (69), and patients with type 1 diabetes who have undergone pancreas transplantation (and thus have denervated islets) remain euglycemic without therapy (70)(71)(72). The human b-cell may thus rely on local paracrine acetylcholine to get cholinergic input.…”

Section: The A-cell As a Local Source Of Acetylcholine Acetylcholine: A Shifting Storysupporting

confidence: 84%

The Local Paracrine Actions of the Pancreatic α-Cell

et al. 2019

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Secretion of glucagon from the pancreatic α-cells is conventionally seen as the first and most important defense against hypoglycemia. Recent findings, however, show that α-cell signals stimulate insulin secretion from the neighboring β-cell. This article focuses on these seemingly counterintuitive local actions of α-cells and describes how they impact islet biology and glucose metabolism. It is mostly based on studies published in the last decade on the physiology of α-cells in human islets and incorporates results from rodents where appropriate. As this and the accompanying articles show, the emerging picture of α-cell function is one of increased complexity that needs to be considered when developing new therapies aimed at promoting islet function in the context of diabetes.

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Section: The A-cell As a Local Source Of Acetylcholine Acetylcholine: A Shifting Storysupporting

confidence: 84%

The Local Paracrine Actions of the Pancreatic α-Cell

et al. 2019

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“…This is consistent with studies showing that the influence of neural input on insulin secretion occurring before the actual absorption of nutrients (cephalic phase) plays a relatively minor role in humans 33,34 . Along these lines, vagotomized patients have normal postprandial serum insulin levels 35 and patients with type 1 diabetes who have undergone pancreas transplantation (and thus have denervated islets) remain euglycemic without therapy 36–38 . Furthermore, it is possible that the reported parasympathetic influence on islet function in human beings may be mediated by peptidergic axons 12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming beta cell function in humans

Rodriguez-Diaz

Dando

Jacques-Silva

et al. 2011

Nat Med

268

236

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Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a major role in the function of the insulin secreting pancreatic beta cell1,2. Parasympathetic innervation of the endocrine pancreas, the islets of Langerhans, has been shown to provide cholinergic input to the beta cell in several species1,3,4, but the role of autonomic innervation in human beta cell function is at present unclear. Here we show that, in contrast to mouse islets, cholinergic innervation of human islets is sparse. Instead, we find that the alpha cells of the human islet provide paracrine cholinergic input to surrounding endocrine cells. Human alpha cells express the vesicular acetylcholine transporter and release acetylcholine when stimulated with kainate or a lowering in glucose concentration. Acetylcholine secretion by alpha cells in turn sensitizes the beta cell response to increases in glucose concentration. Our results demonstrate that in human islets acetylcholine is a paracrine signal that primes the beta cell to respond optimally to subsequent increases in glucose concentration. We anticipate these results to revise models about neural input and cholinergic signaling in the endocrine pancreas. Cholinergic signaling within the islet represents a potential therapeutic target in diabetes5, highlighting the relevance of this advance to future drug development.

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“…Acetylcholine is released during the cephalic phase after feeding from parasympathetic nerves innervating the islets, prior to an increase in blood glucose [83], but it is not known if this also applies to alpha-cell-derived acetylcholine. However, the cholinergic innervation of human islets is considerably less than in rodent islets [84], and postprandial serum insulin levels are unaltered in vagotomised patients [85], suggesting that alpha-cell-derived acetylcholine may be a physiologically relevant contributor to glycemic control. However, paracrine signaling to beta-cells by acetylcholine must be transient, as it is rapidly degraded in the extracellular fluid by cholinesterases.…”

Section: Alpha-cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes

Hill,

Hill

2024

IJMS

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Islets of Langerhans are anatomically dispersed within the pancreas and exhibit regulatory coordination between islets in response to nutritional and inflammatory stimuli. However, within individual islets, there is also multi-faceted coordination of function between individual beta-cells, and between beta-cells and other endocrine and vascular cell types. This is mediated partly through circulatory feedback of the major secreted hormones, insulin and glucagon, but also by autocrine and paracrine actions within the islet by a range of other secreted products, including somatostatin, urocortin 3, serotonin, glucagon-like peptide-1, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Their availability can be modulated within the islet by pericyte-mediated regulation of microvascular blood flow. Within the islet, both endocrine progenitor cells and the ability of endocrine cells to trans-differentiate between phenotypes can alter endocrine cell mass to adapt to changed metabolic circumstances, regulated by the within-islet trophic environment. Optimal islet function is precariously balanced due to the high metabolic rate required by beta-cells to synthesize and secrete insulin, and they are susceptible to oxidative and endoplasmic reticular stress in the face of high metabolic demand. Resulting changes in paracrine dynamics within the islets can contribute to the emergence of Types 1, 2 and gestational diabetes.

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Effect of vagotomy on gastrointestinal hormones

Cited by 15 publications

References 79 publications

The Local Paracrine Actions of the Pancreatic α-Cell

The Local Paracrine Actions of the Pancreatic α-Cell

Alpha cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming beta cell function in humans

The Importance of Intra-Islet Communication in the Function and Plasticity of the Islets of Langerhans during Health and Diabetes

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