Effect of various chemical agents for the inhibition of Sphaerotilus natans in paper mill process water

Mueller, W.S.; Litsky, Warren

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(68)90021-3

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…( 2 ) Deoxygenation Deoxygenation is often cited as the major problem associated with slime growths in rivers (Hynes, 1960;Hawkes, 1962;Curtis, 1969;Mueller& Litsky, 1968; Bryce-Cooper, I 982). However, although slime growths are widespread, fish kills due to deoxygenation caused by such outbreaks are comparatively rare Sanders, 1982;Quinn & McFarlane, 1983;Morgan, 1984;Gray & Hunter, 1985).…”

Section: Problems Caused By Slime Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However if deoxygenation persists then the slime community itself will be adversely affected and although Sphaerotilus natans can survive in the complete absence of oxygen for several weeks, no growth is recorded. The slime will eventually become moribund and decay (Smit, 1934;Stokes, 1954;Mueller & Litsky, 1968). Sloughed flocs undergo rapid decomposition once they are out of the nutrient rich zone and have settled.…”

Section: Problems Caused By Slime Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of biocides has been used to restrict the development of slimes in isolated water bodies (Nakamura & Dunstan, 1958; Dondero, 1961 ;Smith & Purdy, 1963;Mueller & Litsky, 1968). Their use has been restricted to water bodies within industrial premises, such as channels for recirculating process water, and they have no application for use with rivers and streams.…”

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks in excess of 5 km are associated mainly with food processing industries, and because of the nature of the waste slimes are particularly associated with sugar-beet processing. Effluents high in carbohydrates are strongly associated with slime growths, and sugar beet (Butcher, 1932;Wilhelm, 1963;Toner & O'Connell, 1971) and paper-mill effluents (Mueller & Litsky, 1968; Roberts, 1975Roberts, , 1977Roberts, , 1978Sanders, 1982) are major causes of heterotrophic slime outbreaks throughout the world.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Heterotrophic Slimes in Flowing Waters

Gray

1985

Biological Reviews

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Summary 1. While much attention has been paid to the ecology of macro‐invertebrates in flowing water, the microbial ecology of such systems has been largely ignored and our knowledge of heterotrophic slimes in particular remains far from complete. Slime‐forming organisms are ubiquitous in their distribution and are part of the normal riverine flora. Slime outbreaks occur in all types of organically enriched flowing fresh waters, regardless of their chemical nature. Slimes are predominantly of heterotrophs which require a constant supply of (i) a suitable carbon source, (ii) inorganic nutrients and in particular nitrogen and phosphorous, and possibly (iii) growth factors such as vitamins. Phosphorous is not a limiting factor for growth, with slimes developing in rivers with < 0·02 mg P l‐1. Other inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen can be used in various forms and are usually present in adequate amounts, even in unpolluted streams. Therefore occurrence appears to be most closely correlated with the presence of a source of available carbon. 2. The severity of outbreaks are not closely associated with soluble organic carbon content although there is a tendency for heavy growths to occur more frequently in more severely polluted waters. Low‐molecular‐weight sugars are clearly the causative agents of Sphaerotilus natans dominated slimes with higher molecular weight material such as starches not immediately effective as growth promoters. Mono‐ to penta‐saccharides are mainly used by bacterial slimes while fungal components utilize fatty acids up to C8. It is not possible to adopt a nationwide BOD5 standards to control slime outbreaks as even small increases in river BOD5 (< 1·0 mg l‐1) can support slime growth. There is a need to develop new methods of assessing the slime‐promoting capability of effluents such as measuring the readily degradable low‐molecular‐weight carbon compounds, so that threshold concentrations of soluble organic carbon below which slime will not develop can be determined. 3. The effect of effluent enrichment on slime growth diminishes downstream as there is a tendency for the soluble carbohydrate to mix and dilute. The slime also metabolizes the carbohydrate, reducing the concentration by up to 60 % depending on the stage of slime development, thus limiting its own proliferation. This is the typical pattern of self‐purification in flowing waters. 4. The taxonomy of all the slime‐forming species are poorly understood as is the ecology of slimes. Species composition of slimes vary temporally and spatially within individual rivers. The primary factors affecting composition are nutrient type and water velocity, although pH determines whether a slime is either predominantly fungal or bacterial. The rate of transfer of oxygen and nutrients is dependent on water velocity with zoogloeal forms predominating as velocity falls to < 0·05 m s‐1. More details of the effects of water velocity and other environmental factors on all the slime‐forming organisms is required. 5. The effects of specific environmenta...

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Section: Problems Caused By Slime Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Problems Caused By Slime Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heterotrophic Slimes in Flowing Waters

Gray

1985

Biological Reviews

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“…The ®lamentous bacterium Sphaerotilus natans, naturally present in sewage sludges and polluted waters [17], is tested in this study for the removal of Cd 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag + and Cr 3+ from pure solutions, at relatively high concentrations and acidic conditions simulating the composition of common industrial wastewaters. This choice has been dictated by the ability of this microorganism to form a protein-polysaccharide-lipid sheath, which is responsible for the binding and accumulation of metal ions in the form of a super®cial mucilage layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Silver and Chromium(III) removal from wastewaters by Sphaerotilus natans

Lodi¹,

Solisio²,

Converti³

et al. 1998

Bioprocess Engineering

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Living cells of Sphaerotilus natans are used for heavy metal's (Cd, Zn, Cu, Ag, and Cr) removal from aqueous solutions simulating the polluting power of acid industrial wastewaters. At low metal concentrations (<25 mg/l) this microorganism is able to remove within 8± 15 days Cd, Zn, Cu, and Ag with excellent yields (from 81 to 99%) often increasing with starting metal concentration. The yield observed for Cr(III) removal, never exceeding 60%, is not appreciably in¯uenced by the starting biomass level; in addition, the time necessary to reach the equilibrium concentration is always remarkably longer (>30 days) than for the other metals. At much higher concentrations, the removal of all the metals is strongly affected in terms of both yield reduction and increase in the time necessary to reach the equilibrium concentrations. Under the hypothesis of mass transfer limitation, the kinetic study of batch runs suggests that metal diffusion from the bulk to the surface of S. natans clumps could be responsible not only for the simple biosorption of the tested metallic micronutrients or abiotic metals, but even for the cell penetration by ions of biological signi®cance, like Mg 2+ and Fe 3+ .

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Sewage fungus: Its nature and effects

Curtis¹

1969

Water Research

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Effect of various chemical agents for the inhibition of Sphaerotilus natans in paper mill process water

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Heterotrophic Slimes in Flowing Waters

Heterotrophic Slimes in Flowing Waters

Cadmium, Zinc, Copper, Silver and Chromium(III) removal from wastewaters by Sphaerotilus natans

Sewage fungus: Its nature and effects

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