“…This is proposed to cause repulsive forces between the neighboring pores 75 . The porous film is a useful template in the fabrication of devices 76 (e.g., photoelectronic device 77 and nanoparticle assemblies 78 whose interfacial interaction can be regulated by the AAO structure, such as pore size, membrane thickness and surface morphologies) and various functional nanostructures 79 – 82 (e.g., solar cells 83 , nanotubes 84 – 86 , nanofibers 86 , catalysts 87 – 89 , and metal nanowires 90 ). To date, the AAO porous film also has a wide applications in ultrafiltration 91 , biosensors 92 – 94 , photonics 95 , 96 , masking 97 and information storage 98 .…”