Effect of varying the intensity and train frequency of forelimb and cerebellar mossy fiber conditioned stimuli on the latency of conditioned eye-blink responses in decerebrate ferrets.

Svensson, Patrik; Ivarsson, Magnus; Hesslow, Germund

doi:10.1101/lm.4.1.105

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The animals were curarized, so behavioral (i.e., sensory) feedback from the periorbital area could not have caused the Purkinje cell response. Second, the suppression of simple spike firing starts earlier than the overt behavior observed in similarly trained but noncurarized animals in previous investigations (Svensson et al, 1997;Hesslow et al, 1999), in some cases after just a couple of milliseconds, which is so short that it could not even reflect feedback from premotor signals. Third, the response was elicited by direct mossy fiber stimulation, which excludes all extracerebellar sources of input, including premotor structures.…”

Section: The Purkinje Cell Cr Can Explain the Behaviormentioning

confidence: 82%

Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of a Cerebellar Cortical Memory Trace

Jirenhed

Bengtsson²,

Hesslow³

2007

J. Neurosci.

272

312

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Associative learning in the cerebellum underlies motor memories and probably also cognitive associations. Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning, a widely used experimental model of such learning, depends on the cerebellum, but the memory locus within the cerebellum as well as the underlying mechanisms have remained controversial. To date, crucial information on how cerebellar Purkinje cells change their activity during learning has been ambiguous and contradictory, and there is no information at all about how they behave during extinction and reacquisition. We have now tracked the activity of single Purkinje cells with microelectrodes for up to 16 h in decerebrate ferrets during learning, extinction, and relearning. We demonstrate that paired peripheral forelimb and periocular stimulation, as well as paired direct stimulation of cerebellar afferent pathways (mossy and climbing fibers) consistently causes a gradual acquisition of an inhibitory response in Purkinje cell simple spike firing. This conditioned cell response has several properties that matches known features of the behavioral conditioned response. The response latency varies with the interstimulus interval, and the response maximum is adaptively timed to precede the unconditioned stimulus. Across training trials, it matches behavioral extinction to unpaired stimulation and also the substantial savings that occur when paired stimulation is reinstated. These data suggest that many of the basic behavioral phenomena in eyeblink conditioning can be explained at the level of the single Purkinje cell.

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Section: The Purkinje Cell Cr Can Explain the Behaviormentioning

confidence: 82%

Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of a Cerebellar Cortical Memory Trace

Jirenhed

Bengtsson²,

Hesslow³

2007

J. Neurosci.

272

312

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“…The presence of the early component was not related to the amount of training or the duration of the CS, but rather the position of the electrode tip. The short‐latency EMG activity in the orbicular oculi muscle was probably caused by an activation of the trigeminal nerve as lowering the electrode too deep into the trigeminal nerve evoked the short‐latency component (see , Svensson et al . 1997b).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies indicate that this is unlikely. Direct stimulation of the trigeminal nerve, situated just ventro‐lateral to the stimulation site in the middle cerebellar peduncle, always elicited short‐latency EMG responses in the orbicularis oculi muscle and never any responses that resembled CRs (Svensson et al . 1997b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐lasting conditioned stimulus applied to the middle cerebellar peduncle elicits delayed conditioned eye blink responses in the decerebrate ferret

Svensson

Ivarsson

1999

Eur J of Neuroscience

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In delay eye blink conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (CS) ends at the time of the unconditioned stimulus (US). If the CS duration is decreased, there will be a 'trace' period with no ongoing CS before the onset of the US. During this period some neural activity has to continue after the CS offset to: (i) permit association between the CS and the US; and (ii) elicit a conditioned response appearing after the CS offset. In this study we test the role of the cerebellum in maintaining CS activity required for eliciting a conditioned response after the CS offset. Decerebrate ferrets were trained in a delay conditioning paradigm with an electrical stimulation of the forelimb as CS and of the periorbital area as US. The conditioned responses in the upper eyelid were monitored with electromyographical techniques. In well-trained animals, test CSs of short duration down to 0.2 ms were applied to the forelimb or the middle cerebellar peduncle, while the interstimulus interval between CS onset and US onset was kept constant at 300 ms. Test CSs of short duration applied to the forelimb elicited conditioned responses. More importantly, also a short-lasting CS to the middle cerebellar peduncle could elicit conditioned responses. The results indicate that precerebellar CS pathways are not required for maintaining the neural activity that elicits conditioned responses after the CS offset. It is suggested that neurons maintaining such activity are located in the cerebellum, either the cortex alone or the cortex and the deep nuclei.

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“…responses (% CRs) was determined from the number of CS presentations that elicited a conditioned response reaching the indicated criteria. In accordance with previous descriptions (Boele et al 2010;Domínguez-del-Toro et al 2004;Koekkoek et al 2002;Porras-García et al 2005;Svensson et al 1997), the selected criteria included the analysis of the amplitude and area of evoked eyelid responses as determined by quantitative analysis of the EMG activity of the OO muscle (see Fig. 3 for details).…”

Section: Recording and Stimulating Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral Characteristics, Associative Learning Capabilities, and Dynamic Association Mapping in an Animal Model of Cerebellar Degeneration

Porras-García

Sánchez-Campusano

Martı́nez-Vargas

et al. 2010

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Porras-García E, Sánchez-Campusano R, Martínez-Vargas D, Domínguez-del-Toro E, Cendelín J, Vožeh F, Delgado-García JM. Behavioral characteristics, associative learning capabilities, and dynamic association mapping in an animal model of cerebellar degeneration. J Neurophysiol 104: 346 -365, 2010. First published April 21, 2010 doi:10.1152/jn.00180.2010. Young adult heterozygous Lurcher mice constitute an excellent model for studying the role of the cerebellar cortex in motor performance-including the acquisition of new motor abilities-because of the early postnatal degeneration of almost all of their Purkinje and granular cells. Wild-type and Lurcher mice were classically conditioned for eyelid responses using a delay paradigm with or without an electrolytic lesion in the interpositus nucleus. Although the late component of electrically evoked blink reflexes was smaller in amplitude and had a longer latency in Lurcher mice than that in controls, the two groups of animals presented similar acquisition curves for eyeblink conditioning. The lesion of the interpositus nucleus affected both groups of animals equally for the generation of reflex and conditioned eyelid responses. Furthermore, we recorded the multiunitary activity at the red and interpositus nuclei during the same type of associative learning. In both nuclei, the neural firing activity lagged the beginning of the conditioned response (determined by orbicularis oculi muscle response). Although red nucleus neurons and muscle activities presented a clear functional coupling (strong correlation and low asymmetry) across conditioning, the coupling between interpositus neurons and either red nucleus neurons or muscle activities was slightly significant (weak correlation and high asymmetry). Lurcher mice presented a nonlinear coupling (high asymmetry) between red nucleus neurons and muscle activities, with an evident compensatory adjustment in the correlation of firing between interpositus and red nuclei neurons (a coupling with low asymmetry), aimed probably at compensating the absence of cerebellar cortical neurons.

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Effect of varying the intensity and train frequency of forelimb and cerebellar mossy fiber conditioned stimuli on the latency of conditioned eye-blink responses in decerebrate ferrets.

Cited by 55 publications

References 28 publications

Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of a Cerebellar Cortical Memory Trace

Acquisition, Extinction, and Reacquisition of a Cerebellar Cortical Memory Trace

Short‐lasting conditioned stimulus applied to the middle cerebellar peduncle elicits delayed conditioned eye blink responses in the decerebrate ferret

Behavioral Characteristics, Associative Learning Capabilities, and Dynamic Association Mapping in an Animal Model of Cerebellar Degeneration

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