Effect of warm-up intensity on horse-rider dyad’s performance in jumping

Stachurska, Anna; Janczarek, Iwona; Wilk, Izabela; Jaworska, Katarzyna; Pluta, Michał; Kolstrung, R.

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20170638

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While the cognitive abilities of horses have been explored in a range of studies (reviewed in 8 ), the potential effects of exercise on equine cognition have not been tested experimentally. In common with human athletes, domestic horses are routinely exposed to a physical warm-up prior to a training session or competition because of perceived physical and mental benefits 9 , however in one study, warm-up intensity was found to be negatively correlated with subsequent performance in a show jumping competition 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of stress and exercise on the learning performance of horses

Henshall

Randle

Francis

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Domestic horses are widely used for physically demanding activities but the effect of exercise on their learning abilities has not been explored. Horses are also frequently exposed to stressors that may affect their learning. Stress and exercise result in the release of glucocorticoids, noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters that can influence learning. It is not currently possible to directly measure concentrations of neurotransmitters in the brains of behaving horses, however the inference of neurobiological processes from peripheral markers have been widely used in studies of human cognition. We assigned 41 horses to either ridden exercise, uncontrollable stress or inactivity and evaluated their acquisition of an industry-style aversive instrumental learning task. Exercised horses achieved the learning criterion in the fewest number of trials compared to the stressed and inactive horses whose performance did not differ. The exercised horses’ salivary cortisol concentrations decreased during learning whereas the concentrations of the other groups increased. Spearman’s correlations revealed that horses with the highest cortisol concentrations required the most trials to reach the criterion. We present novel data that exercise prior to learning may enhance the acquisition of learning in horses. Conversely, activities that expose horses to uncontrollable stressors causing strong cortisol release may impair learning. It is proposed that these effects may be due to the influence of neurotransmitters such as cortisol and noradrenaline on brain regions responsible for learning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of stress and exercise on the learning performance of horses

Henshall

Randle

Francis

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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“…Six studies described warm-up strategies in show jumping horses and their effects on performance [ 49 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. The mean warm-up durations in these studies are presented in Table 4 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2 to 15 jumps were used during warm-up, and the performance in the show ring, expressed as the number of faults, was not associated with the warm-up routine. However, another study of 82 competitors found that, while warm-up duration did not affect the score in the ring, more jumps and higher obstacles during warm-up decreased performance [ 54 ]. Tranquille et al [ 53 ] found no difference in the warm-up duration, the time in each pace, and on each rein, mean, peak, and final warm-up HR in 10 elite horses over three consecutive days.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warm-Up Strategies and Effects on Performance in Racing Horses and Sport Horses Competing in Olympic Disciplines

Frippiat,

Votion

2024

Animals

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Warm-up is a standard component of exercise preparation, intended to lower the risk of injury and improve performance. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines per discipline are missing. This scoping review aimed to describe the physiological effects and strategies of active warm-up in horses according to different equestrian disciplines. The search strategies identified 479 papers for review. After application of selection criteria, 23 articles published from 1996 to January 2024 were included of which 12 discussed the effects of warm-up on physiological parameters and 11 discussed warm-up strategies in different disciplines. As shown in humans, warm-up enhanced aerobic capacity and increased blood and muscle temperatures, independently from its intensity. Riders emphasized the importance of warm-up to prepare horses for physical work and to increase their reactiveness to aids. A canter or trot was the preferred gait in elite or non-elite dressage horses, respectively, while the walk was in show jumping horses. Warm-up duration and intensity increased with increasing competitive level, but a longer and/or more intensive warm-up did not affect the final score. Dressage riders warmed up their horses for a longer time compared to show jumping riders. Future studies should objectively establish the most profitable warm-up strategies per equestrian discipline and level.

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“…Although the use of warm-up in equestrianism is beyond dispute, there have been few studies into its effect on horse performance. According to Stachurska et al [14], the warm-up duration had no impact on the final result of the jumping competition while older showjumping horses obtained a shorter warm-up than younger horses. Murray et al [15] reported that warm-up duration increased with the level of dressage competition and can be positively associated with final score.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermographic Analysis of the Metacarpal and Metatarsal Areas in Jumping Sport Horses and Leisure Horses in Response to Warm-Up Duration

Janczarek

Kędzierski

Tkaczyk

et al. 2021

Animals

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This study aimed to assess the impact of various types of warm-up on the metacarpal and metatarsal surface temperature in jumping sport horses in comparison to leisure horses, which work usually less intensively. Six clinically healthy sport geldings, contestants in showjumping competitions, and six geldings used for leisure riding were included in the study. The experiment was conducted for four consecutive days, during which the horses were warmed up by walking and trotting for various durations. Images were taken with a FLUKE Ti9 thermal imager to determine the resting, post-effort, and recovery temperature of the dorsal and plantar surface of the metacarpus and metatarsus of the four limbs. The obtained data were analysed with SmartView 4.1. software. The increase of measured rectal and surface temperatures was proportional to the warm-up duration. The surface temperature increase in the distal limb parts in jumping sport horses was greater than in horses used for leisure. The plantar surface was also warmer than the dorsal surface of the metacarpal/metatarsal areas, with a forelimb being warmer than a hind limb. Elevated temperatures after warm-up persist for 30 min in the recovery period, especially in jumping sport horses compared to leisure horses. Thus, the warming up effect is achieved earlier and lasts longer in heavily trained horses than in non-performance horses.

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Effect of warm-up intensity on horse-rider dyad’s performance in jumping

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

The effect of stress and exercise on the learning performance of horses

The effect of stress and exercise on the learning performance of horses

Warm-Up Strategies and Effects on Performance in Racing Horses and Sport Horses Competing in Olympic Disciplines

Thermographic Analysis of the Metacarpal and Metatarsal Areas in Jumping Sport Horses and Leisure Horses in Response to Warm-Up Duration

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