Effect of Water-Extractable Carboxylic Acids in Crude Oil on Wettability in Carbonates

Abstract

The acidic components of the crude oil have a profound effect on the initial wetting conditions and possible wettability alteration by seawater in carbonates. In this work, three types of crude oils with different concentrations of waterextractable acidic components were prepared from a base oil: (1) a reference oil, RES-40 [acid number (AN) = 1.90 mg of KOH/g and base number (BN) = 0.51 mg of KOH/g], (2) a treated oil depleted in water-extractable acidic components, termed treated oil (TO) (AN = 1.50 mg of KOH/g and BN = 0.53 mg of KOH/g), and (3) a crude oil containing only water-extractable acidic components, termed EWS-oil (AN = 1.90 mg of KOH/g and BN < 0.01 mg of KOH/g). Outcrop chalk cores were used as the porous medium, and the difference in oil displacement efficiency and wettability was compared. The spontaneous imbibition (SI) process was performed in two steps: first imbibing with formation water without any wettability modification and then with seawater, which acted as a wettability modifier. The oil recovery decreased as the content of water-extractable acidic material in the crude oil increased, for both formation water and seawater as imbibing fluids. The difference in wetting properties was also confirmed by chromatographic wettability analysis. The water wetness appeared to be lower for the cores saturated with the crude oil containing only water-extractable acids. It was concluded that water-extractable carboxylic acids present in crude oil have a great impact on the stability of the water film between the carbonate surface and the oil and seawater was less efficient as a wettability modifier when the extractable acids were adsorbed onto the carbonate surface. Observations from both SI and chromatographic wettability tests emphasize the importance of acid structures or acid types present in the crude oil compared to the acid concentrations.

Brine-Dependent Recovery Processes in Carbonate and Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs: Review of Laboratory-Field Studies, Interfacial Mechanisms and Modeling Attempts

“…Standnes and Austad [91] also claim that carboxyl groups are the most active polar functional groups of crude oil in adsorbing organic material onto the chalk surface. Several other authors [152,[160][161][162][163] have shown that long chain acids are the most effective among researched acidic species to alter the carbonate rock to a…”

&nbsp;Brine-Dependent Recovery Processes (Smart-Water/Low-Salinity-Water) in Carbonate and Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs: Review of Laboratory-Field Studies, Interfacial Mechanisms and Modeling Attempts

“…Standnes and Austad [93] also claim that carboxyl groups are the most active polar functional groups of the crude oil in adsorbing organic material onto the chalk surface. Several other authors [88,[98][99][100][101] have shown that long chain acids are the most effective among researched acidic species to alter the carbonate rock to a more oil-wet state. Despite that the effect of basic materials on wettability was not widely studied, Puntervold, et al [64], observed that an increase in the amount of natural bases led to decrease in waterwetness as AN was held constant.…”

Role of divalent ions, temperature, and crude oil during water injection into dolomitic carbonate oil reservoirs

“…Several laboratory studies have shown a positive LSE in carbonates [1,[19][20][21] however, there are only a few cases demonstrating a negligible LSE [22,23] . Traditionally, the LSE has been investigated through coreflooding and spontaneous imbibition experiments illustrating further oil recovery [19][20][21][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. In addition, the LSE has been studied through other experimental means such as contact angle measurement [35], nuclear magnetic response [36] and a very limited amount of experimental work on zeta potential/surface charges [37][38][39].…”